The Krashens Input Hypothesis Education Essay

Stephen Krashen ‘s input hypothesis seeks to explicate how persons get linguistic communication, and how this apprehension of linguistic communication acquisition applies to 2nd linguistic communication scholars ( 1982, p. 20 ) . Krashen states the input hypothesis stresses â€Å" intending first † in linguistic communication acquisition. On learning a 2nd linguistic communication, the input hypothesis compares how persons learn their first linguistic communication to propose how instructors should interact with pupils seeking to larn their 2nd linguistic communication. Sing Krashen ‘s input hypothesis and its critics ; this paper will research some ways to use the input hypothesis in the schoolroom. Krashen ‘s input hypothesis consists of four parts. The first portion distinguishes between intending and signifier and acquisition and acquisition ( 1982, p. 21 ) . Since linguistic communication scholars need to pass on to work in society, linguistic communication scholars will seek to listen to understand significance and will subsequently derive the proper signifier from guided input. Krashen explains the input hypothesis as a patterned advance through phases. The linguistic communication scholar, by seeking to understand the significance in a communicative vocalization, progresss through these phases when the communicative vocalizations are somewhat more complicated than the scholar ‘s current phase of apprehension. The 2nd portion of the input hypothesis concerns how it is that linguistic communication scholars can seek to understand somewhat more in intending than they have presently learned. Krashen claims that by utilizing the information that exists in the universe around them, an person can tie in the right significance to a communicative vocalization. In other words, degrees of promotion in linguistic communication acquisition occur through bit by bit deriving greater degrees of significance from the input they receive. The input ( I ) plus the figure of the degree ( # ) explains the relationship between the input and the usage of what Krashen calls â€Å" extralinguistic information † to make ( one + 1 ) ( 1982, p.22 ) . Krashen recognises that cognizing what is the suited sum of input to bring forth ( i +1 ) is hard, if non impossible to make up one's mind. This brings about the 3rd portion of the input hypothesis, which states, â€Å" When communicating is successful, when the input is understood and there is adequate of it, i + 1 will be provided automatically † ( 1982, p. 22 ) . While kids do non larn linguistic communication by lessons of signifier that follow what Krashen calls a â€Å" course of study † or â€Å" construction of the twenty-four hours, † typically the opposite occurs in the schoolroom ( 1982, p. 22 ) . In a 2nd linguistic communication schoolroom scene, instructors frequently use text editions that follow a set construction. Teachers who must prove a pupil ‘s cognition of a linguistic communication are frequently required to follow a construction in their schoolroom to measure any benchmarks set for their schoolroom. In a given schoolroom, one pupil m ight happen the class stuff determined in progress by the instructor to be excessively easy, while for another pupil the degree might be suiting for them to larn new stuff. Another pupil might hold fallen behind in the class stuff covered and hence has trouble in catching up with the remainder of the category. Krashen ‘s 4th portion concerns eloquence achieved by the linguistic communication scholar after sing patterned advance through suited ( one + 1 ) degrees. Aidss from the environment aid an person in measuring the significance in a given communicative act. The more communicating that connects to existent life state of affairss, the more likely an person will win in finally accomplishing some eloquence in their mark linguistic communication. Krashen supports the input hypothesis with grounds from both first and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. When a kid learns a first linguistic communication, they learn from what Krashen refers to as â€Å" caretaker address. † When a caretaker aids a kid in larning a first linguistic communication, they do non follow a construction as a instructor in a schoolroom scene. But this is non to propose a free-for-all in linguistic communication scholar support by the caretaker. To guarantee that a kid and grownup can pass on with one another, the grownup changes the manner they speak to the kid ( simplification of signifier, carefully choosing enunciation ) . Many caretakers would non pass on in the same manner with a kid as they would with an grownup. This does non intend that how a kid and a caretaker interact in linguistic communication larning support does n't alter in clip. Krashen ( 1982 ) writes, â€Å" Caretaker address is non exactly adjusted to the degree of each kid, but tends to acquire more complex as the kid progresses † ( p. 22 ) . In add-on, Krashen argues that, when analyzing foremost linguistic communication support, caretakers cover subjects about what occurs in the present instead than in the hereafter. Subjects about the present aid the scholar understand significance through the lens of non merely linguistic communication, but besides the universe around them ( Krashen, 1982, p. 23 ) . Krashen besides argues that 2nd acquisition ( SLA ) supports the input hypothesis ( 1982, p. 24 ) . SLA provides three countries of grounds for the input hypothesis in â€Å" simple codifications † . Krashen claims that merely because the linguistic communication scholar is an grownup, does non intend the mark ( acquisition ) is different from a kid ( Krashen, 1980 ) . Second, Krashen states that ( one + 1 ) can be used for both FLA and SLA. For the 3rd support of the input hypothesis in SLA, the input itself is examined. Krashen believes that much like interactions in FLA with caretakers, 2nd linguistic communication scholars experience certain interactions with their instructors, with native talkers of the mark linguistic communication, and their schoolmates ( 1982, p. 24 ) . Yet another cogent evidence Krashen uses for the input hypothesis in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition is the â€Å" soundless period † ( p. 26 ) . This soundless period refers to minimal speech production when larning a 2nd linguistic communication. The single finally does talk after some cognition in the linguistic communication has been acquired and the single feels comfy to talk the mark linguistic communication. But non everyone is allowed a soundless period. Krashen ( 1982 ) writes, â€Å" Adults, and kids in formal linguistic communication categories, are normally non allowed a soundless period. They are frequently asked to bring forth really early in a 2nd linguistic communication, before they have acquired adequate syntactic competency to show their thoughts † ( p. 27 ) . Finally, Krashen mentions the impact of a linguistic communication scholar ‘s first linguistic communication on their 2nd linguistic communication. A specific linguistic communication characteristic ( such as sentence order ) may be different in the scholar ‘s first linguistic communication and their mark linguistic communication. A scholar might non hold a appreciation of their mark linguistic communications ‘ characteristics, ensuing in the scholar blending regulations from the first linguistic communication to the 2nd. A scholar may confront communicating jobs with a talker of their mark linguistic communication because of regulations from the scholar ‘s first linguistic communication that do non suit into the construction of the mark linguistic communication ( Krashen, 1982, pp. 28-29 ) . Krashen ‘s input hypothesis has non gone without unfavorable judgment ( Mason, 2002 ) . Criticisms of the input hypothesis include the struggle between caretaker address and extralinguistic information, and the grade of input and grade of end product that should be used between instructor and pupil in a 2nd linguistic communication scene. Mason ( 2002 ) addresses the struggle between caretaker address and extralinguistic information as a affair of what must be altered for a linguistic communication scholar in order to get linguistic communication. Forming caretaker address requires a alteration in input. Leting for extralinguistic information to assistance in linguistic communication acquisition requires a alteration in environment ( pp. 2-3 ) . Mason identifies two major jobs when trusting on a alteration in input. The first concerns sociological factors ( whether consistence exists across civilizations and economic conditions and whether altering the input produces the sort o f positive consequences Krashen claims it does ) . In other words, how a caretaker interacts with a kid in one civilization for linguistic communication support may differ in another civilization. Besides, altering input ( such as a linguistic communication scholar and native talker interaction ) could be counterproductive ( cementing a regulation in the scholar ‘s head because of the alteration the native talker makes to pass on with the linguistic communication scholar ( Mason, 2002, p. 3 ) . The 2nd concerns extralinguistic information. Mason writes, â€Å" The 2nd reading, modifying the context, may take to the scholar acquiring such rich extralinguistic hints that she does non hold to trouble oneself to get the hang the linguistic communication. The learner gets by-by behaving as if they have understood the linguistic communication, whereas in fact they have read the environment † ( 2002, pp. 3-4 ) . For illustration, an teacher inquiring inquiries to a big group of scholars with multimedia ( picture, images, music ) , may have end product from many scholars. Some of these scholars, nevertheless, may piggyback their responses on other scholars in the group. Particularly with a big group, the instructor may be unable to place which pupils responded to the inquiry in full, which did non. Another struggle in Krashen ‘s input hypothesis that Mason discusses relates to input and end product. Mason ( 2002 ) argues that Krashen places a greater accent on input and what sort of input should happen than he does on what sort of end product would happen. Too much accent on input can be counterproductive for the instructor, because the instructor can non cognize a pupil ‘s linguistic communication ability without first leting the pupil to talk. Mason besides argues the instructor should supply some rectification to the scholar ‘s address. Krashen ( 1982 ) states that excessively much rectification can impede eventual end product, but Mason ( 2002 ) believes that without rectification a scholar may do certain errors continuously. He writes, â€Å" It is merely through the pupil ‘s production that we can look into whether she has to the full understood the input or non, and that without this confirmation, there are a figure of mistakes, peculiarly Ã¢â‚¬Ë œavoidance ‘ mistakes, that are ne'er cleared up † ( Mason, 2002, p. 7 ) . For its application in the schoolroom, Krashen ‘s input hypothesis provides some penetration into the teacher-student relationship. More frequently than non, each pupil larning a 2nd linguistic communication will hold a different degree of acquisition than another pupil in the schoolroom. Some pupils might hold an easier clip reading and composing than speech production, while other pupils might hold an easier clip speech production and battle with reading and authorship. Besides, every pupil will larn otherwise. Some pupils may profit from a conversation-based course of study, while other pupils may profit from a course of study based on rote memorisation. Krashen ‘s input hypothesis attempts to turn to how teachers can pass on with pupils while utilizing the environment around them to direct their direction. For illustration, a instructor could utilize assorted multimedia to implement the input to pupils. Using multimedia is one manner to work with assorted persons larning manners. Multimedia usage, combined with teacher-talk, can let pupils entree to the class stuff while maintaining the pupil ‘s involvement. Ideally, nevertheless, modified input in the signifier of teacher-talk would work best in a little group puting. The larger the group the instructor must turn to, the more likely a wider fluctuation in pupil acquisition. Even within a little group some fluctuation will happen, which is ineluctable. Some alteration of teacher-talk would include velocity, enunciation pick, and content. These three points could be controlled for pupil input, while learning direct grammatical signifiers is avoided. As pupils become more comfy with this attack, the instructor can increase velocity while besides including a wider vocabulary after the vocabulary has been reinforced through multimedia attach toing a lesson. Addressing the pick of content can do the greater trouble for a instructor. Most linguistic communication text editions follow a patterned advance of learning salutations, waies, shopping, assignments, conditions and other daily subjects. If the pupil lives in the community where they will talk the mark linguistic communication, the subjects above could turn out practical because the scholar must utilize these subjects in most societal state of affairss. For those pupils who learn their 2nd linguistic communication outside the community of their mark linguistic communication, these daily subjects may non use to Krashen ‘s reference of the â€Å" here and now † rule. Teachers may so promote pupils to organize survey groups and conversation pattern times where they can talk the mark linguistic communication as if they were in the mark linguistic communication state. If this is the instance, the instructor should sometimes go to to supply some input to pupils so the subject s they discuss have practical, day-to-day application. Possibly the greatest trouble for the instructor would affect supplying regular lessons that help steer pupils without overtly learning signifier. Conversation-based direction frequently takes on this manner if the school does non desire a native talker to utilize a text edition. But how does the instructor cognize how to direct pupils without some course of study, even if that course of study is an unreal patterned advance through phases of linguistic communication acquisition? A danger in taking an unreal course of study would be maintaining track, as an teacher, of the trouble of stuff presented to the pupils. Just how much reappraisal is suited? Should the teacher vary reappraisal stuff to include accommodation to rush and enunciation usage? For practicality in the schoolroom, it seems the input hypothesis works best for little groups or with an person. Working with an person or little group allows the teacher to look into the pupil ‘s advancement so â€Å" teacher talk † can alter to suit a pupil ‘s patterned advance through ( one + 1 ) phases. In add-on, Krashen ‘s suggestion of the â€Å" here and now † rule can work non merely for the acquirer in the mark linguistic communication community, but besides through survey groups that include guided input from the teacher. As Krashen ( 1982 ) emphasiss, guided input accompanied by contextual elements from the environment ( such as usage in the mark linguistic communication community or multimedia in the schoolroom ) can steer acquirers through ( one + 1 ) phases. Though Krashen ‘s input hypothesis does non stipulate what instructors must show their pupils at specific phases, the hypothesis can assist steer an teacher in planing a 2nd l inguistic communication class that guides pupils through the procedure of linguistic communication acquisition.( 2200 WORDS )Mentions Krashen, S. ( 1980 ) . The theoretical and practical relevancy of simple codifications in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ‘ . In Scarcella, R. & A ; Krashen, S. ( explosive detection systems. ) A Research in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, Rowley, Mass. ; Newbury House, 7-18 Krashen, S. ( 1982 ) . Second linguistic communication acquisition theory. InA Principles and pattern in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition and acquisitionA ( pp. 9-32 ) . New York: Prentice Hall International. Krashen, S. ( 1985 ) .A The Input Hypothesis: issues and implications.A Longman, New York Mason, T. ( 2002 ) . Critique of Krashen V: The Input Hypothesis. Retrieved May 10, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.timothyjpmason.com/WebPages/LangTeach/Licence/ CM/OldLectures/L9_Input.htm Schuh, R. ( DK ) . The human linguistic communication series # 2: Geting the human linguistic communication: â€Å" Playing the linguistic communication game † . InA Introduction to linguistic communication – talk notes 5BA ( pp. 1-8 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schlenker/LING1-LN-5B.pdf. Part B: Question 1, 2, 4 How can knowledge of cognitive or learning manners of single scholars help a schoolroom instructor be more effectual in category? ( QUESTION # 1 ) Every linguistic communication scholar enters the schoolroom with his or her ain alone positions, demands, and grounds for larning a peculiar linguistic communication. This requires the instructor to understand and utilize the many attacks available in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition research to turn to single acquisition manners. A instructor ‘s cognition of larning manners can help the pupil in happening what methods work best to develop their linguistic communication accomplishments. This paper will discourse how pedagogues can use the cognition of single acquisition manners in the schoolroom, pulling on theories presented by Robinson ( 2001 ) and larning manner penchants reviewed by Cohen ( 2003 ) . Robinson ( 2001 ) argues that single difference ( or ID ) research and the Aptitude Complex/Ability Differentiation Hypothesis, and the Fundamental Difference/Fundamental Similarity Hypothesis aid explicate how persons approach larning their mark linguistic communication ( pp. 381-382 ) . Robinson ( 2001 ) makes four chief differentiations from these theories. The first concerns a learning manner difference between an grownup and a kid. He writes, â€Å" There are child-adult differences in linguistic communication acquisition ; grownups rely to a great extent on general problem-solving abilities and exhibit much greater fluctuation in degrees of attainment † ( Robinson, 2001, p. 386 ) . Robinson claims that differences between an grownup and a kid, every bit good as differences in aptitude, can assist explicate differences in larning manners. Sing the position of the linguistic communication scholar, Cohen ( 2003 ) discusses assorted manners of linguistic communication scholars. Cohen defines larning manners as â€Å" general attacks to linguistic communication acquisition † that include attacks to category direction ( audile, ocular, and tactile ) , one ‘s manner of thought, and one ‘s personality ( 2003, pp. 279-280 ) . Cohen places larning manner penchants into two groups. The first group includes â€Å" visual/auditory, abstract-intuitive, planetary, synthesising, unprompted, unfastened and extroverted † ( 2003, p. 282 ) . The 2nd group includes â€Å" hands-on, concrete-sequential, peculiar, analysing, brooding, closing oriented and introverted † ( 2003, p. 282 ) . Cohen goes on to province the consequence of what an single learns depends their alone learning manner penchants. So, how can a teacher benefit from the cognition of single acquisition manner penchants? Gardner ( 1983 ) identifies eight intelligences that help place the types of scholars instructors face in the schoolroom. These intelligences expand on other larning manner theories that suggest penchants towards reading, composing or talking to include inter- and intra-personal intelligences ( Gardner, 1983 ) . Gardner suggests that cognition of one ‘s ego and the people around them provides penetration into the person. In footings of acquisition manners, inter- and intra-personal intelligences impact how a pupil interacts with schoolmates and with the instructor. Knowledge of how one ‘s self learns successfully ( for illustration, cognizing what one ‘s acquisition manners are ) can assist steer the scholar in footings of self-study. Knowledge of how those people around them make determinations impact societal kineticss that influence group undertakings, schoolroom treatments a nd even teacher entree ( for extra larning support ) . Gardner ‘s theory of multiple intelligences besides has strong effects for the instructor. Teachers should seek out ways to intermix acquisition manners so that many different scholars have entree to the mark lesson. Not merely should instructors seek to integrate multimedia such as images, picture, and music to turn to changing larning manners in the schoolroom, but besides take into consideration how good the pupils might manage group work versus self-study, category treatment versus talk, game-based direction versus worksheet activities. Whereas some pupils might bask group work, self-study may be more helpful for eventual trial mark consequences. On the other manus, group work may promote originative work out of some pupils while besides constructing squad cooperation that helps in the societal development of pupils. With the cognition of larning manners and the multiple intelligences found among different scholars, is how civilization influences what acquisition manners are most effectual for a peculiar group of pupils. Students who see rote memorisation as the most effectual manner to better trial mark consequences may see game-based or other group activities as a waste of clip. Even if those pupils would, in theory, benefit from group work, they might reject group work on rule depending on what signifier acquisition manners tend to take in their civilization. The consideration of differing larning manners challenges instructors to supply pupils with more advanced ways of interaction with class stuffs. In every schoolroom, different pupils will be more receptive to a peculiar acquisition manner than another. An effectual lesson in one schoolroom may flop in another if the instructor is non sensitive to the changing acquisition manners of his or her ain pupils.( 726 WORDS )Mentions Cohen, A. D. ( 2003 ) . The scholar ‘s side of foreign linguistic communication acquisition: where do manners, schemes and undertakings run into? A IRA L: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, A 41A ( 4 ) , 279-292. Retrieved from Communication & A ; Mass Media Complete database. Gardner, H. ( 1983 ) .A Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligences.A New York: Basic Books.A Robinson, P. ( 2001 ) . Individual differences, cognitive abilities, aptitude composites and larning conditions in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition.A Second Language Research, A 17A ( 4 ) , 368-392. Retrieved from Communication & A ; Mass Media Complete database. To which larning schemes would you seek to expose your pupils? Why? ( QUESTION # 2 ) Through the survey and application of larning schemes, instructors can assist linguistic communication scholars achieve their 2nd linguistic communication ends. Though research workers differ in how they define larning schemes ( see Chamot, 2005 ; Seliger, 1984 ; Tarone, 1980b ) , research workers do hold that cognition and application of larning schemes help pupils larn their mark linguistic communication and pedagogues know how to show their course of study to the pupil. This paper will discourse which linguistic communication schemes could turn out most helpful in the schoolroom, and why those linguistic communication schemes help accomplish certain schoolroom ends. Ellis ( 1994 ) identifies a scholar ‘s single penchants and situational factors as two primary determiners of using larning schemes ( p. 529 ) . Ellis ( 1994 ) , mentioning Tarone ( 1980b ) , farther examines three fluctuations of larning schemes. The three sorts of schemes are production, communicating, and acquisition ( Ellis, 1994, p. 530 ) . Ellis ( 1994 ) breaks down the 3rd fluctuation, larning schemes, into two parts, â€Å" The former, as defined by Tarone, are concerned with the scholars ‘ efforts to get the hang new lingual and sociolinguistic information about the mark linguistic communication. The latter are concerned with the scholars ‘ efforts to go skilled hearers, talkers, and readers, or authors † ( p. 530 ) . I teach 600 Korean high school pupils each hebdomad in 50-minute periods. Though these pupils are divided by gender, they are non divided by degree. These pupils have studied English by rote memorisation for more than 10 old ages in school. Most pupils attend private academies to better their trial tonss. There are three chief types of pupils. The first group wants to analyze English and is unfastened to using many different larning schemes to better their English. The 2nd group is non interested in English, and is receptive to merely a few acquisition schemes. The 3rd group consists of those who merely wish to better English for the national university entryway scrutiny. The 3rd group prefers larning by rote memorisation, while the 2nd group works best in group scenes. With group one any figure of schemes could assist their acquisition. These three groups classify most pupils. In every category, pupils from each group are present. So how does a instructor employ acquisition schemes that can assist fluctuation among pupils? Cohen ( 1998 ) discusses schemes on communicating, called â€Å" usage schemes. † As a conversation-based linguistic communication teacher, these communication-based schemes I find most utile for my schoolroom. Cohen ( as cited in Oxford, 2003 ) notes four acquisition usage scheme types: utilizing antecedently learned cognition, methods of practising end product, preclass readying, and end product use a when the linguistic communication has non yet been acquired ( p. 275 ) . Using a pupils ‘ anterior cognition of English proves critical in the schoolroom. As a instructor I should seek to entree my pupil ‘s collected cognition from over 10 old ages of vocabulary memorisation. Showing a picture cartridge holder that suits the lesson and so inquiring pupils to depict what they saw in the picture helps pupils remember antecedently memorized class stuff. This method relates to Cohen ‘s â€Å" imagination † ( 1987 ) . To do this scheme more effectual, I find video cartridge holders that do non include any speech production in English or Korean. The pupils have no pick but to utilize the cognition of English learned in anterior old ages to explicate to me what they watched. Cohen ‘s 2nd usage scheme concerns supplying the scholar with helpful agencies to practising end product. Whereas some instructors prefer to follow a course of study that covers certain grammatical constructs throughout the semester, I do non. At the beginning of each category I begin by inquiring pupils basic inquiries about school events, nutrient, or conditions. Some pupils do non talk at this clip, while others are enthusiastic. To measure the end product of the quiet pupils, I ask inquiries that require the pupils who may non cognize how to react in English to utilize organic structure gestures. Students use what Cohen ( 1987 ) refers to as â€Å" directed physical response. † This is frequently an effectual method because, one time pupils have performed the physical gesture, they can remember plenty to bring forth end product to explicate their response. Besides sing the usage of larning schemes with the three groups of pupils I have mentioned above, gender and age besides form which larning schemes work best in my schoolroom. Because my categories are divided by gender, the schemes I employ for male pupils differ from schemes I use with female pupils. For illustration, my female pupils tend to profit best from a mix of reading, authorship, and talking activities. The combination of different activities in reading, authorship, and talking tends to bring forth better callback later than merely utilizing talking activities. With the male pupils, nevertheless, utilizing merely talking activities tends to bring forth the best callback. Reading and composing activities with male pupils frequently cut down motive unless some wages system is in topographic point that encourages competition among the male pupils. In my schoolroom, larning schemes that promote pattern of communicating that reinforces bing cognition and uses competition tends to work best for male pupils. Learning schemes that pattern communicating and present new stuff ( particularly when combined with multiple types of activities such as reading and composing ) work best for female pupils. Knowledge of the pupil ‘s terminal end for linguistic communication acquisition combined with seting methods within those groups ( depending on category size or gender ) , helps advance effectual schoolroom larning schemes. ( 856 WORDS ) Mentions Chamot, A. U. ( 2005 ) . Language larning scheme direction: current issues and research.A Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, A 25A ( 1 ) , 112-130. Retrieved from EJS database. Cohen, A. D. ( 1987 ) .A Analyzing linguistic communication larning schemes: How do we acquire the Information? In A. L. Wenden & A ; J. Rubin ( Eds. ) , A Learner schemes in linguistic communication learningA ( pp. 31-40 ) . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall International. Cohen, A. D. ( 1998 ) .A Strategies in larning and utilizing a 2nd linguistic communication. Harlow, Essex: Longman. Cohen, A. D. ( 2003 ) . The scholar ‘s side of foreign linguistic communication acquisition: where do manners, schemes and undertakings run into? A IRA L: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, A 41A ( 4 ) , 279-292. Retrieved from Communication & A ; Mass Media Complete database. Ellis, R. ( 1994 ) . Learning schemes. InA The survey of 2nd linguistic communication acquisitionA ( pp. 529- 560 ) . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oxford, R. L. ( 2003 ) . Language learning manners and schemes: constructs and relationships.A IRAL: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, A 41A ( 4 ) , 271-278. Retrieved from Communication & A ; Mass Media Complete database. Seliger, H. ( 1984 ) . Processing universals in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. In F. Eckman, L. Bell, & A ; D. Nelson ( Eds. ) .A Universals of Second Language Acquisition.A Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Tarone, E. ( 1980b ) . Communication schemes, alien talk and fix in lingua franca. Language Learning, 30, 417-431. Is motive the best reply for explicating the success or failure of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition? ( QUESTION # 4 ) A major challenge for instructors and research workers in the survey of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition is the extent that motive plays into the learning procedure. Even more ambitious is happening how to mensurate a scholar ‘s motive. If motive can be measured, can the findings aid instructors motivate pupils in the schoolroom? This paper will research how, and to what extent, motive influences successful or unsuccessful linguistic communication acquisition, researching the recent research in motive and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( Csizer & A ; Dornyei, 2005 ; Dornyei & A ; Otto, 1998 ; Dornyei, 2001 ) . Csizer & A ; Dornyei ( 2005 ) explore the relationship between motive and acquisition, and suggest methods of motive in the schoolroom utilizing a method of analysis called â€Å" structural equation mold. † Structural equation mold, or SEM, allows research workers to measure multiple points in a individual theory. The writers province, â€Å" The technique is appropriate for proving â€Å" expansive † theories, that is, comprehensive theoretical accounts made up of complex, interconnected variables, which is precisely the instance with most factors involved in explicating issues in L2 acquisition † ( Csizer & A ; Dornyei, 2005, p. 19 ) . In their research, they identify two issues of learner behavior: linguistic communication pick and sum of work invested in linguistic communication survey ( p. 20 ) . Csizer and Dornyei ( 2005 ) claim that make up one's minding one ‘s 2nd linguistic communication reflects the civilization they choose to link themselves to. An person ‘s involvement in the specifics of a certain civilization and the involvement in going a member of the mark linguistic communication community, suggests that an person will be motivated to work towards larning the mark linguistic communication. Equally good as involvement, the ability to utilize the linguistic communication for a given intent ( carry throughing some want or finishing some undertaking ) promotes motive in linguistic communication acquisition ( Gardner, 2001, as cited in Csizer and Dornyei, 2005 ) . The writers assert that involvement and want fulfillment aid make what they term â€Å" the Ideal L2 Self. † This â€Å" Ideal L2 Self † could explicate why an person who admires a peculiar civilization surveies the linguistic communication of a civilization even if the person has ne 'er personally experienced that civilization. Their â€Å" Ideal L2 Self † motivates them so one twenty-four hours their involvement in the mark civilization can be realized. Csizer & A ; Dornyei ‘s nomenclature differs from Gardner ( 2001 ) , who used described, â€Å" integrativeness, † which is similar to â€Å" involvement † mentioned above. Csizer and Dornyei ( 2005 ) write, â€Å" Integrativeness seen as the Ideal L2 Self can be used to explicate the motivational set-up in diverse acquisition contexts, even if they offer small or no contact with L2 talkers † ( p. 30 ) . Does Csizer and Dornyei ‘s â€Å" Ideal L2 Self † aid explicate success and failure in 2nd linguistic communication larning? What is non clear is when a linguistic communication scholar develops the Ideal L2 Self. Does an person, for illustration one that wants to go abroad, make a Ideal L2 Self that they invariably strive for to obtain their end of analyzing abroad? If this is the instance, how does the person remain motivated ( particularly in instances where old ages of survey are required to obtain the end ) ? How can motivation in the short-run be explained? Possibly persons who aim for intensive survey to accomplish their Ideal L2 Self have, besides involvement and want fulfillment, a felt demand to get a 2nd linguistic communication. Without a felt demand, such as short-run academic accomplishment, contractual duty, or some other immediate demand that should be addressed, it is possible an Ideal L2 Self may ne'er be to the full realized. Even if an teacher tries to actuate their pupils, if the pupil does non experience a felt demand that fulfils short-run ends, it may be impossible to actuate pupils in a manner that promotes linguistic communication direction. Dornyei ( 2001 ) addresses this short-run demand ( termed extrinsic motive ) , the mentioning Self-Determination Theory ( Deci & A ; Ryan, 1985 ; Vallerand, 1997 ) , which precedes his theory of the Ideal L2 Self. He writes: â€Å" The theory places the assorted types of ordinances on a continuum between self-determined ( intrinsic ) and controlled ( extrinsic ) signifiers of motive, depending on how internalized they are, that is, how much the ordinance has been transferred from outside to inside the person † ( Dornyei, 2001, p. 47 ) . The continuum helps explicate for what grounds persons are motivated, whether these grounds involve short-run or long-run extrinsic or intrinsic factors ( Deci & A ; Ryan, 1985 ; Vallerand, 1997 ) . Though factors such as aptitude, larning manners and larning schemes can assist measure success and failure in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, understanding motive helps best explain where jobs might originate in both the short and long-run ends of the linguistic communication scholar. Vallerand ‘s ( 1997 ) account of the intrinsic and extrinsic motive continuum in add-on to Csizer and Dornyei ‘s ( 2005 ) construct of the Ideal L2 Self aid step a scholar ‘s motive so that, by cognizing how motive impacts an person ‘s ability to get a 2nd linguistic communication, teachers can break aid scholars through the acquisition procedure.

Transport Network

Transportation and Logistics Goals Amanda Contreras November 16, 2012 640 The central goal of my company is to keep retail prices low. Working with suppliers to ensure their prices are constantly low, but also means price changes are kept to a minimum. Aiming to become lowest cost producer, the firm can compete on the price with every other industries and earn higher unit profits. Cost reduction provides the focus of the organization strategy. It targets a broad market.Competitive advantage is achieved by driving down costs. Price Leadership – The Company is well known for its â€Å"Every Day Low Pricing†, but is aiming to give the consumer greater value for each product category. Through leverage selling general and administrative expenses, the Company can ask suppliers to introduce efficiencies in the transportation of items. This can be the supplier to the distribution center, distribution center to the store and also within the store.Since transportation can be as m uch as one-half to two-thirds of the total cost of distributing product it only makes sense to drive is in as many efficiencies into your transportation network as you possibly can. The 1st strategy is to limit the margin that would have to be paid to a third-party providing that service. The 2nd strategy is controlling the fleet my company can control the quality and timing of the service to move the freight from the distribution centers to the stores.That 2nd strategy is an important goal in reducing labor costs and maximizing the utilization of assets and resources. Currently, the vendor manages nearly all vendor shipments to my company. My company arranges backhaul pick-ups at vendors after one of its trucks makes a delivery to its stores. More stock will be needed prior to the seasonal upturn in sales volume. As sales decline, less merchandise is needed. My company balances the â€Å"need for speed† with the costs inherent in the mode of transport.This includes the rate charged for the service, minimum weight requirements, loading and unloading facilities, packaging, possible damage in transit, and any special services that may be required. The basic modes of transportation are water, rail, motor carrier, air and pipeline. Water being the slowest mode with rail, motor carrier, and air following in order of speed of delivery. Generally, the order is reversed when looking at costs. Selection of the appropriate carrier has several steps. First the firm selects a transportation mode.The shipper must compare the service desired with the rate or cost of service. Service usually means transit time or the time that elapses from the time the consignor makes the goods available for dispatch until the carrier delivers to the consignee. Once the mode and type of carrier is determined a final decision can be made based on other factors. Accessibility is one such factor. Some firms have geographic limits to their routing network. Others may not possess physical access to needed facilities or have the ability to provide the equipment and facilities that movement of a particular commodity may require.Reliability, the consistency of the transit time a carrier provides, is also a key factor. Finally, convenience and communication are other important considerations when selecting a carrier. Measures that a transportation firm would use to judge its performance include: orders shipped on time, orders shipped complete, order preparation time, product availability, and transit time. From the customer perspective performance can be gauged from orders received on time, orders received complete, orders received damage free, orders filled accurately, and orders billed accurately.

Ethics_society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics_society - Essay Example The essence of utilitarianism is to minimize suffering across the world and maximize happiness. In such a case, the society becomes aligned in the most effective way as people only focus on making themselves and others happy. The moral essence of any action is largely determined by its outcome or consequences. In this case, both the actual consequences and the intended consequences are factors of core consideration. Utilitarianism in its own self therefore seeks to foster a just society where every person respects the other and seeks to enhance the happiness of everybody (Paley, 56). The concept of deontology on the other hand seeks to judge the aspect of morality in the actions of people on whether such actions adhere to the rules. It is known that rules are intended to create justice and fairness by guiding the conduct of humanity towards doing what is morally right. In this regard, it is seen that the consequences of actions do not really matter but the intention or motives of the people who do them. In this regard, the consequences of an action will always be right as long as the intention is of the doer is right. In the practical sense, deontological ethics are quite important in creating a society where people only wish well and are focused on doing the right thing. Such a society is indeed important in enhancing peace, morality and ethical conduct (Paley, 112). Deontological ethics are therefore a justification for certain actions. In any case, the mere following of moral codes of conduct is not enough. It is important to have the right motivations in the actions we do. Thus, a person might essentially not be regarded as immoral even though they might have broken a moral rule. Subjective determination of duties and obligations does not therefore find room in this context. Rather, it is a matter of objective

Five Dysfunctions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Five Dysfunctions - Essay Example They include interdepence among team members, teamwork and affiliation, varied leadership, motivation and trust among members. The decision Tech’s ineffectiveness was as a result of ignorance to the above basic attributes. The dominant aspect which contributed to failure in the company was a poor organizational structure. An organizational culture is a framework of set norms or values which dictate behavior in a particular organization. Individuals are guided by unspoken rules which they must adhere to as members of team. There was lack of effective communication among the executives in the company which created enormous blocks to effective decision making. Members hesitated to give their views, and simultaneously failed to regard other’s opinions. This brought about friction and lack of cohesion in the team where individuals concealed their mistakes and solely blamed the participating decision makers. Issues of diversity were not dealt with since there was minimal or conceited interaction. Consequently, lack of transparency crept in and trust was no more in the team. Decisions made lack foundation as the executive members refrained from responsibility. They evaded meetings and dreaded participating in any activities that demanded collective effort. This weakened the implantation of policies i n the Decision Tech and slowly extinguished the morale’s fire in teamwork. In establishment of team norms in the norming stage, members don’t give in to the vulnerable illusions. They build faith in themselves independently and shun external influences regardless of their origin or the nature of assistance they bring in. They’ve got confidence in the decisions they make and don’t agree to the fact they make mistakes as human beings. Members concede less to pressure and tend to avoid distracting ideas or delayed gestures in making conclusions In Decision Tech, there are behavioral norms which had

Strategic Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Plan - Assignment Example objectives of the institution, strategies to address each of the objectives, at least one inmate program that will aid in achieving each objective and a method for assessing success for each objective. If this research paper was read by the public, the definite impact would be that many people would be informed about this correctional institution. criminals would fear going there and the public would know that the United states government cares for their welfare and security. The proposed strategies would probably be adopted or modified by the management at ADX Florence. The research has been done using internet sources whose references are listed at the end of this research paper. The name of this maximum facility correctional institution is ADX. it is also known by the names ADX Florence, Florence ADMAX, Supermax or the Alcatraz of the Rockies. as mentioned above, this penitentiary is governed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons of the United States. The facility was opened in 1994 and it is located at Fremont County Colorado. its security class is ranked as Supermax hence the name. actually ADX Florence is the most secure prison in the United States earning itself a record in the Guinness world book of records. the facility houses prisoners that have been rendered too dangerous or high-profile for normal prisoners. 95% of prisoners sent here have a history of violent behavior in other normal prisons. here are images of the exterior view of the prison. A published mission statement could not be found but the reason why the penitentiary was founded was to be a home to United States most violent and evil criminals most of whom had committed various murders and had no value for life. the long term goal

Walmart Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Walmart - Research Paper Example A progress in economy is achieved only when there is an uninterrupted production and consumption force. The growing population has made sure that the latter is always satisfied. It is the productivity that has a volatile quality attached to it. Productivity is one major force that can push the economic prosperity of any country, provided the workers and producers work towards the development of quality and cost-effective products. In the current scenario, with economic exploitation and commercialization spreading across at a rapid rate, there is an opportunity for everyone to compete in an equal environment. To be on top of such an environment, for more than three decades, it must take a great deal of effort and commitment. In this case, all those terms that define and celebrate success can only be associated with Wal-Mart, the world’s leading super-market. Be it in pricing of the products, implementation of latest technology to manage inventories or in customer satisfaction, Wal-Mart has always succeeded in achieving the best. The have become the largest employer in private category and have an outstanding record of having 8 out of every 10 Americans to be their customers. It has always been the case where they set the benchmark for the successful running of a private organization, and always, other competitors have followed their footsteps. Wal-Mart – How it began It all started, when a small time business man, Sam Walton, decided to start an innovative grocery store, innovative not by its design but by the principal of its working. When every other grocery store owner was trying to pocket the maximum discount got from supplier’s end, Walton decided to give it to the consumer itself. The principle behind that being, less price means less profit and more sales but, more sales guarantees a consistent profit. It was an instant success and riding on it, Walton went on to open Wal-Mart, his first of the many grocery stores, in the year 1962. ( Frank, 2011) Strategies of Wal-Mart Living a very modest life, Sam Walton was extremely frugal in his expenses. His mode of living helped him to focus on the principle of selling quality goods at low cost so that people get benefitted for each of their shillings they spend. The company still continues to work on this principle and continues to reap success. (Frank, 2011) The strategies of the organization are based on the motives given below: To be on top of the retail market ladder in each of their branch location By expanding the size of each store and selling every product at a cost comparatively lower to their competitors and by expanding their volume of sales, they have managed to achieve being a top company in retail market. To have a global expansion They have sustained their dominance by expanding globally. They have also spread their bases in eastern countries like China and India and have also made efforts to open outlets in developing countries. As a proof of their global expansion, they have about 2 million employees working in the organization, with 27 brands of Wal-Mart products and around 8000 retail outlets spread out in 15 countries. In 2009 alone, they have spent more than 4 billion to expand their outlets. (Densley, 2010) To improve customer satisfaction by developing a sense of trust about Wal-Mart They aim to achieve supreme quality with the products they sell through their brand name and provide the same at the lowest price possible. To improve the satisfaction of the customers, Wal-Mart has even made partnerships with other businesses like the food stores (e.g. McDonalds) and hang-out stores to allow them to keep a branch within their outlet. This helped the customers to have a feel of a complete and happy shopping experience. To expand business in other commercial product sectors. In the recent years, Wal-Mart has successfully ventured into new sectors like the pharmacy market, auto-markets, electronic products etc. They have maintained their

Berlin Airlift 1948-49 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Berlin Airlift 1948-49 - Essay Example The provisions of the said agreement stipulated the division of Germany into four zones, allotted for each country, in accordance with the principles agreed upon in the Yalta Conference in 1945. In the same way, this set the division of Berlin into four zones as well (â€Å"Wikipedia†). However, the agreement had not provided for arrangements with regard to access to Berlin given that the city is within the Soviet zone (â€Å"Reader’s Companion to American History†). With this, the divergence of views on the status of Berlin soon emerged. The Soviet Union considered the presence of the other three Western nations only as a temporary occupation. As Joseph Stalin claimed, in economic and administrative terms, the whole of Berlin belonged to the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany. On the other hand, the Western Powers asserted that the citizens of Berlin had the right to choose and determine the future. (Elkins) The rift was further aggravated given the difference in Soviet Union’s and Western nation’s viewpoints regarding the economic recovery plan for Germany. The former believed that Germany should be incapacitated to launch another war since Stalin assumed that Germany along with Japan could once again be perils to Soviet Union by 1960s. On the contrary, the Western Powers, particularly the US, stressed that the post war reconstruction of Europe primarily depends on the rebuilding of German economy and industry. (â€Å"Wikipedia†) In line with the Western recovery plan, the unification of the Western-occupied sectors in Germany, dubbed as the Marshall Plan, was announced on March 6, 1948. The three Western zones would be consolidated with an independent federal government (â€Å"Wikipedia†). In this regard, the Soviet Union withdrew from the Allied Control Council administering over Berlin due to the perceived violation of the Potsdam Agreement by the Western Powers (â€Å"Reader’s Companion to American History†).

Retailing Advertising Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Retailing Advertising Analysis - Essay Example The strong emergence of online communication among people in various regions of the world has made possible, the delivery of services and products using the online platform as a communication, as well as a delivery media. This very factor has contributed in a great way to the emergence of online retailing where retailers and wholesalers can provide bulk delivery of products or individual delivery of products to clients or individual customers, who are located in different parts of the world. The virtual world of internet has literally played a major role in removing the geographical barriers existing in the physical world, and has helped in the value communication, value distribution as well as value delivery of the retail products by catering to the global audience. The emergence of online retailing has led to the development of new retailing formats like consumer to consumer format which has been made popular by online retailing sites like eBay, dealdump, dealplus, etc. In this cas e, the product that is being advertised is handcrafted jewellery items, which are designed and developed in India and is marketed by Indian fashions through their retail website www.indianfashionstore.in (Indian Jewellery, 2009). The handcrafted Indian jewellery mostly has the ethnic as well as traditional Indian themes and is catered mostly to the consumers living in UK. The target market for the products is mostly the female consumers of UK who are essentially falling in the age group of 18 - 36 years. The online retail website www.indianfashionstore.in acts as a window for displaying the multiple ranges of jewellery items online to customers around the globe. The political analysis of the market reveals that there are certain checkpoints in regards to dealing in jewellery business. The jewellery that is supposed to be imported in the UK market needs to be tested by the law and also has to have the label of hallmark in regards to its authenticity. Apart from that, import duty is a lso applicable for jewellery that is being imported in the UK market from Asia Pacific regions like India (Harris, 2011, p. 5) The economic analysis of the market reveals that the consumers are increasingly trying to squeeze their spending as the UK market continues to suffer from the pangs of the economic crisis rolled out by the Euro zone. However, the consumers insists in buying jewellery that is trendy and is bold in making the fashion statement for them, even in the troubled economic times. The social demand for the jewellery market in the UK region reveals that the modern woman who has the purchasing power parity are treating themselves to buying more jewellery for their personal use. Also, the trend of buying jewellery by men for the purpose of gifting to their significant partners is picking up in the UK market as well. Apart from these two segments, a large section of UK consumers are also highly interested in purchasing jewellery which are affordable as per their budget an d are highly trendy at the same time (Harris, 2011, p. 9). So, it is quite evident that the advertising of the India made jewellery products should highlight the hallmark issues while displaying their product to the intended target audience. Also the advertising needs to highlight the latest jewellery trends on the boundaries of

The Muslim Empires Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Muslim Empires - Essay Example Emperor Selim annexed Syria, then Cairo, before calling himself the new caliph, Muhammad’s successor. The Ottomans also conquered North Africa. From 1521 onwards, under Suleyman the Magnificent, the Ottomans advanced to Belgrade, Hungray, Austria, and Vienna. The Ottoman Empire lasted until the eighteenth century, but was challenged by the growing Austrian Empire in Southeastern Europe and Russia in the north. The government of the Ottoman sultan administered a diverse population through appointing pashas who managed new territories through collecting taxes, paying a fixed percentage as tribute to the central government, and preserving peace and order. The bey refers to the chieftain or tribal leader and who served as pashas too. Tribal disputes were resolved through tribal law, while Islamic law was secondary. In addition, the sultan ruled through an imperial council, which met four days a week and where the grand vizier served as the chairman. Ottoman rule was more localized than those applied in Europe and Asia. The Ottomans declined by the seventeenth century due to various reasons, including Suleyman’s execution of two capable sons and increasing social unrest (due to corruption and economic difficulties). The Safavid dynasty began with Shah Ismail. Ismail conquered Iran and Iraq in 1501. The Safavids attained the peak of their ruling under Shah Abbas. Furthermore, they ruled a mixed-race and mixed-religion Persia. They used Shi’ism as the unifying force. Their empire disintegrated in 1723 due to succession conflicts and attacks from the Ottomans. The shah was like the sultan who claimed divine quality. Furthermore, the Safavid appointed people to senior management positions by merit than birth. The Safavid shah was also like the Ottoman sultan who traveled regularly to the city to check his subordinates for moral or religious transgressions. Babur established the Mughal dynasty. He conquered Kabul in 1504. He expanded his

Key characteristics of bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Key characteristics of bureaucracy - Essay Example Webers work dealt with such dominant socio-political institutions like religious authorities, the government, industrial corporations, etc. And in the case of the government, it is through bureaucracy that it interacts with the general population. Bureaucracy can generally be said to contain the following key characteristics: efficiency, organization, procedures, protocols, laws, regulation, regimentation, specialization, etc. Weber added his own perspectives to the understanding of this construct. Firstly, Weber was not wholly critical of bureaucracy. To the contrary, he saw several positive attributes attached to the ideal type. While admitting that even the ideal type bureaucracy can be construed as legal domination, he goes on to say that it is an advancement over earlier forms such as charismatic domination and traditional domination (Huber and Shipan, 2002). In its ideal conception, bureaucracy brings efficiency, organization and concentration of the means of administration. Th ere is also a spirit of egalitarianism seen in this type, whereby the institution helps level the social and economic differences of the general population. On the flip side, the bureaucratic experience can be impersonal and inhumane at times. Weber associated the rise of bureaucracy with the industrial revolution and the attendant flourishing of the capitalist system. Hence, he sees as connection between modernity, capitalism, urbanization and the bureaucratic rationalization of society. In his influential essays such as The City and Capitalism and Rural Society in Germany, Weber acknowledges the â€Å"disappearance of the sociological relevance of the urban-rural distinction. The growth of the nation-state, the development of capitalism as an international order, and the bureaucratic rationalization of more and more areas of social life all mean that the distinctiveness of

Ban Animal Testing Essay Example for Free

Ban Animal Testing Essay Regardless of efforts to reduce or eliminate using animals for testing purposes for consumer products, the practice continues relatively unabated. While the federal government does not require animal testing to ensure that such products as hair spray, toothpaste, and laundry detergent are safe for consumers. The companies such as Proctor and Gamble are continue in their vain to attempts at convincing consumer that they have virtually eliminated such inhumane practices. The truth is that in today’s world, cats and dogs are not safe from animal testing. Neither consumer boycotts nor efforts from those opposed to such practices within the scientific community have had much of an impact on the elimination of animal testing. This paper explores the continued practice of using animals for the sake of testing consumer products. In a sense, what has been written may seem graphic in nature, but it is all for good reason. If we profess to love our pets and also cherish the marvelousness and beauty provided by nature. Then, it seems quite evident that the only effective means left is through legislation and legally banning the continued practice of animal testing. There is a room somewhere in this world. It is very white and sterile and filled with small, white cages with openings at their front meant to allow the heads of rabbits to remain exposed. There are a good number of these cages lined up in neat rows befitting a clinical setting. Such a presentation infuses a sense of professionalism, that everything in this laboratory is sanctioned, authorized and approved. A technician enters the room, wearing a white smock befitting this featureless place, except for the rabbits. Staring front and center, the rabbit barely able to move because their bodies are locked within the small cages while their heads remain exposed bearing witness for what is to come. The technician seems to scribble a few sentences on a piece of paper affixed to a board and picks up a marked spray bottle filled with a watery solution. One step at a time, the technician passes the rabbits spraying the solution into their eyes. When at the end of the row, the technician turns around and repeats the process, doing it over and over  again until the rabbits begin to scream. For a few more moments the technician continues the process. The faces of the rabbits are sopping from the solution and there is a frenetic energy in the air resulting from them being in a state of extreme panic. However, the technician makes no note of this. Instead, they scribbling more words onto the paper stating something to the effect that the rabbits had survived. The pain and agony of the rabbits was just to test the safety of toothpaste (Boggan, 2011). It seems rather strange that various agencies within the federal government publish information pertaining to the ethical treatment of laboratory animals. The Animal Welfare Act of 1966 remains the overriding authority for the treatment of laboratory animals used in experiments to test the safety of consumer products ranging from shampoo to household cleaners (USDA, 2014). Agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) all have regulations that outline the care of laboratory animals, providing instructions on such things as feeding, transporting, and even how to care for their claws (USDA, 2014). Be that as it may, nowhere in this literature does it say that experimentation is authorized for the purposes of consumer goods. For example, the FDA regulates animal testing for cosmetics, but the agency makes it clear that such testing is not mandatory (FDA, 2014). If so, then why would Proctor and Gamble, a major producer of a wide variety of consumer products, go to such great pains to convince the public that it has eliminated all animal testing, except for that which is mandated by the government (Proctor and Gamble, n.d.)? In truth, Proctor and Gamble continues to test its products on a virtual menagerie of animals, such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits and mice. The company continues to conduct animal testing for purposes of bringing new consumer products such as hair dyes, skin creams and laundry detergents to market. If the package of a product states that it is â€Å"new and improved† then it is almost guaranteed that animal testing has occurred (Sourcewatch, n.d.). In the Proctor and Gamble universe, animals are fair game for experimentation because they are cheap, plentiful, and defenseless. Hamsters and rats are forced to inhale nanoparticles used in skin and hair products. A genetic alteration is commonplace when using mice and rats for purposes of improving  beauty and cleaning products. Other animals are continually killed and maimed for the sake of testing for skin irritancy with products used for hair and fabric care (Uncaged, n.d.). Perhaps, worst of all is that experimentation on animals continues even after a product has been deemed safe, and determined after testing had occurred with human subjects (Uncaged, n.d.). Animal testing should be made illegal. The federal government does not have an obligation that such testing is required in consumer product testing, then why continue to do it when alternatives have existed for years? Since 1981, Johns Hopkins University’s Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) has organized efforts to both reduce and eliminate the use of animal testing. CAAT was responsible for the development of a program to replace, reduce, and refine animal testing that was adopted by the NIH through the Revitalization Act of 1993, which specifically mandates that all scientific efforts that employ animal testing follow the example of CAAT (CAAT, 2014). However, oversight that ensures adherence to the Revitalization Act is virtually impossible to conduct due to a lack of funding. Yet it will be on the part of regulators, and possibly due to the power and influence that corporations such as Proctor and Gamble wield (Proctor and Gamble, n.d.). Thus, the only way to effectively prevent the continued abuse and cruelty of animals for purposes of testing is to ban such practices through legislation. Works Cited Boggan, S. (2011, July 29). Why 8 million animals face death to test your toothpaste and washing liquid. Retrieved 16 November 2014, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2019976/Why8-million-animals-facedeath test toothpaste-washing-liquid.html Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. (2014). CAAT History. Retrieved 16 November 2014, from http://caat.jhsph.edu/about/history.html FDA. (2014, July 29). Animal testing cosmetics. Retrieved 17 November 2014, from http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ScienceResearch/ProductTesting/ucm072268.htm Proctor and Gamble. (n.d.). We’re committed to eliminating research involving animals. Cincinnati, OH: Author. Sourcewatch. (n.d.). Procter Gamble. Retrieved 18 November 2014, from http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Procter_%26_Gamble#cite_note-15 Uncaged. (n.d.). PG animal testing: Procter and Gambles animal tests. Retrieved 17 November 2014, from http://www.uncaged.co.uk/pgtesting.htm USDA. Laboratory animals. Animal Welfare Information Center. Retrieved 18 November 2014, from http://awic.nal.usda.gov/government-and-professional-resources/legislation-regulations-and-guidelines-subject/laboratory

How to Reload Ammunition with a Progressive Press

How to Reload Ammunition with a Progressive Press Introduction In todays society, hunters and recreational shooters have the ability to reload their own ammunition. By doing this, people save a significant amount of money when compared to continually buying boxes of new ammunition. The cost, at first, for all the equipment is very high, such that it could deter people from reloading. The reward is when people buy the necessary supplies in bulk which is cheaper per round when the remanufacturing process is complete. Figure 1 depicts a multi-stage (progressive) press that is used by avid outdoorsmen. It is the top-shelf press which is more expensive. However, it is more efficient. Figure 1: Multi-Stage (Progressive) Reloading PressSource: Types of Presses. Ultimate Reloader. January 2009. http://ultimatereloader.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/progressive_press1.jpg Preparation Contrary to popular belief, the preparation stage begins while at the shooting range or while participating in any event that requires a firearm. While people shoot their guns at the shooting range, all of the expended rounds fall to the ground. The expended rounds are then picked up and assessed for damage by the person that will be reloading them. Cracked and/or bent casings will not be used as it allows for an additional liability when firing the cartridge after reloading. The most important part to collecting expended brass is to ensure that the shooter gathers the right caliber of casing. The stage continues as the shooters get back home. All of the collected used casings are loaded into case feeder with the primer of the casing facing down. The selected Die is loaded onto the top of the press. The gunpowder is measured for precision and accuracy before it is placed into the housing. With all of the components setup and in place, the next step is ready. Ready, Set, Reload! After all of the hard work has been done in preparation, the next step is to reload the rounds. The progressive press is the most desired press due to its ability to multi-task. The casings are dropped down the case feeder primer first onto the shell plate.ÂÂ   The shell plate has five (5) notches cut out of it to hold the casings in various stages of the reloading process. The person reloading pulls the handle down which turns the shell plate. Once the first round enters the shell plate and is turned, it goes to the first stage which is the primer stage. Here, the press punches the old primer out of the casing and prepares the casing for a new primer. While the first round is at this stage, a second casing is in the notch behind it getting ready for the said process. The person then pulls the handle down again and puts the first casing into the second stage which is where the casing gets a new primer. The second casing had the old primer removed from it and there is now an old casing getting ready for primer removal behind it. The person pulls the handle downward again and puts the first casing into the gunpowder stage. Here, the shell plate raises the casing into the die for gunpowder to be dispersed into the casing. The amount of gunpowder that falls into each casing is pre-determined by the user. Once the handle resets in the up position, the shell plate lowers and makes the casings ready for the next stage, whether coming into or leaving the gunpowder stage. The second round now has a new primer. The third round has been stripped of its old primer and an additional old casing has been added to the shell plate. The person will then pull the handle down which initiates the final stage: pressing the bullet into the casing. As the handle goes downward, the plate raises. Before the plate raises all the way up into the caliber die, a bullet must be hand-loaded onto the top of the casing. Once the bullet has been placed, the user then completely lowers the h andle which presses the bullet into the casing. When the handle is in the up position, the shell plate drops. A new bullet has been made. The second casing now has gunpowder in it. The third casing now has a new primer. The fourth casing has been stripped of its primer. An additional casing has been added to the first notch in the shell plate. When the user pulls the handle downward, the entire cycle has been completed. The finished casing falls into a round catch where it can be examined. The second round is getting ready for a bullet to be pressed into it. The third casing has had gunpowder added to it. The fourth round has a new primer. The fifth round has had its old primer punched from its casing. Conclusion Although the process of reloading ammunition appears to be very tedious and difficult, with some experience on the equipment anyone could do it. The equipment is designed such that it allows shooters and hunters to be successful when reloading their own ammunition while also remaining safe both during the reloading process and firing the reloaded ammunition. The different stages of the press as stated above all serve a very crucial part in manufacturing ones own ammunition. As the casings turn, they progress towards something bigger, hints the name progressive press.

How Can You Reduce Fresh Water Scarcity in a Country?

How Can You Reduce Fresh Water Scarcity in a Country? Student Name: Harry Abstract This scientific report introduced a new method of water conservation after several research conducted on water problems in Dubai. The information was sourced from several educational and governmental websites which described water woes. The finding was that current solutions of water scarcity were irrigation and desalination. However, burgeoning of civilization and increasing supply reach the limit of availability of those methods. Newly introduced method such as afforestation would be effective because it paves the way for everlasting water recycling. The outcome confirmed the hypothesis though there are some questions about practicability. Further investigation is required to test the feasibility of afforestation and advocate innovations in water conserving technology. 1.0 Introduction This research aims to announce new effective scheme for the water scarcity in order to provide edible water for the people in the countries which having water woes. Dubai is a country which located in Middle East with strong water crisis. Most area of Dubai is covered by deserts without any water resources on the ground which means that there are no aquatic ecosystems inside the country. Although there are few subterranean water resources, it is not enough for the whole countrys supply. Because edible water resources are insufficient in Dubai, Dubai government is highly attached on water recycling. They produce the water in expensive ways and often use waste water to irrigate the agriculture. Those poor environmental conditions and urgent issues drove the country to the cliff. The hypothesis is that paying more attention on afforesting the desert and promoting the irrigation would be the most efficient strategy because it can make long-term contribution to the country. 2.0 Methodology In order to reach the objective of this research, the plan was to conduct several reliable websites which are governmental or peer-reviewed paper to get information about water scarcity in Dubai. Simultaneously, understanding of local environment was another significant point to analyze a new strategy. After finding the sources, I spend a long time to carefully organizing currently capitalized methods and concentrated on selecting expensive but the best solution appropriate to Dubai. This was because Dubai is rich enough to pay for all the requirements, and long-term effect is the most significant point in order to avoid even worse water crisis in the future. 3.0 Findings Dubai is a large prosperous country built on desert. Undoubtedly, the main element which caused water scarcity is arid locale and climate. In 2013, the World Bank reported that climate change in this region will slowly increase the temperature with other destructive circumstances. (Dewa, 2016 This means that the country is facing not only water scarcity but also decline of tourism. This problem is associated with water issue because recession of economy slows down the development of technology and it may reduce the efficiency of water producing. Figure 1: Desalination not only produce water but also affect water à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ source: construction week online,2009 To go further, transferring of water resources is another important issue. As it is mentioned before, the country is providing potable and fresh water to the industries and households by desalination. However, it is founded that the country is still using old and rusted pipes and water tanks which may pollute the water while transferring them (Dakkak,2015). The table below showed more specific data to present the current situation. The unit did not influence the results though it was in Arab. Table 1: The total water produced and demand of the country   Ã‚   (Unit: unknown, it is in Arab) Year 2008 2009 2015 Produced 87196 89452 102301 Demand 88405 90823 113786   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (source: Dewa Annual Report) As we can see in this table, produced water is under the demand in 2008, 2009 and 2015, the years between 2009 to 2015 are not listed because the website does not provide information of water supply in those years, but still, it is easy to anticipate that the demand is a few larger than the supply every year. Another thing is that although water is produced from desalination, the process of desalination utilizes water a lot itself. Table 2: Water consumption (unit: percentage) Year 2009 2012 2015 Commercial 24.92 28.17 27.02 Industrial 3.68 3.09 3.09 Residential 60.61 57.82 59.92 Others 10.79 10.92 9.97 (source: Dewa Annual Report) This table shows that residential water consumption is the most, and unexpectedly, the industrial water consumption is the least. Agricultural consumption may include in residential column because it is complained that agriculture is the major user of water resources (Hussein, 2011) 4.0 Discussion The result almost confirmed the hypothesis mentioned at the beginning except some points and questions. After recapping those findings that appeared before, most of current solutions are related to agricultural and technological development, but it seems insufficient for all countrys supply and it would not last for long term. As the oil exhaust or the rising temperature causes decline in tourism, the country will face recession one day. It is found that residents utilize most water (Dewa, 2016), and the increasing in water demand reflected increasing in demographics. These issues implied that country needs solution which provide long-term effect. To my solution, the country should replace these old and rusted pipelines for irrigation, and build new pipes for more various functions such as for afforestation, recycling and waste water. Additionally, artificial rivers, lakes, and forests are required due to increasing population and rise in tourism. However, some aspects of my solution did not confirm the hypothesis. People are constructing man-made lands on the sea coast in order to provide lands for citizens but pollute the water at the same time (Horner, 2010). This means that both urbanization and afforestation is important but the question is which one to concentrate more. Another point is that there are few questions about the practicability because it is hard for plants to survive at such climate and adding pipelines would potentially causes water pollution. However, inland afforestation is still the best way of solving water scarcity because it not only heals the water shortage but also prevent the natural disasters such as sandstorms from coming. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the new solution would be difficult to achieve but it contains long term benefits to the country. After the work is done, not only water crisis would be solved but also takes huge progress in air quality which can prevent sand storms from coming. This paper has some limitations because it is done based on internet research without any practical investigation. There are still many uncertain elements related to this solution, so investigations of inland environment or examine the reliability and feasibility would promote further research of this paper. References: Horner K., (2010). Parched for Peace: The UAE has Oil and Money, but No Water (2010), State of the Planet [online], Available from: http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/11/22/parched-for-peace-the-uae-has-oil-and-money-but-no-water/ [ Accessed 17 October 2016] Annual Statistics (2009), Government of Dubai [online], Available from: https://www.dewa.gov.ae/en/about-dewa/about-us/dewa-publications/annual-statistics [ Accessed 27 December 2016] Annual Statistics (2013), Government of Dubai [online], Available from: https://www.dewa.gov.ae/en/about-dewa/about-us/dewa-publications/annual-statistics [ Accessed 27 December 2016] Annual Statistics (2015), Government of Dubai [online], Available from: https://www.dewa.gov.ae/en/about-dewa/about-us/dewa-publications/annual-statistics [ Accessed 27 December 2016] Dakkak A., (2016). Irrigation Systems in the United Arab Emirates (2016), EcoMENA [online], Available from: http://www.ecomena.org/tag/water-scarcity-in-uae/ [ Accessed 7 October 2016] Hussein M. A., (2011). Impacts of Water Scarcity on the Social Welfare of Citizens in the Middle East (2010), Middle East Institute [online], Available from:   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.mei.edu/content/impacts-water-scarcity-social-welfare-citizens-middle-east [Accessed 8 October 2016] UAE Water Aid: UAE will continue to support poor and affected communities (2016), Government of Dubai [online], Available from: https://www.dewa.gov.ae/en/about-dewa/news-and-media/press-and-news/latest-news/2016/06/uae-water-aid-uae-will-continue-to-support-poor-and-affected-communities [Accessed 8 October 2016]

Lottery Is Good Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  State lotteries have been around for awhile to help build up state revenue. In such things as scratch off instant tickets or daily number drawings. To some these things are evil, but to some others who’s lives aren’t the greatest, it’s a shimmer of hope that most people don’t have. Now the thing about the lottery is a lot of people don’t win, but those few that do could be put into a nice situation that they’ve never been in before. This is the land of freedom and opportunity, isn’t that we are giving the commonwealth?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we would take away the lottery it would take away from the retired people who the lottery money goes to as well. I don’t like to know that the money is going to them, I rather see the state invest into the future instead of wasting money away on the past. Either way the lottery does help out certain people. â€Å"If nobody ever won the lottery, then nobody would play it. The public appreciates that the odds against them are very high indeed, but the purchase of a ticket gives them a chance of a fortune, however remote, and the opportunity to dream of a different life. As other forms of gambling are legal, along with many other ways of harmlessly but enjoyably wasting money, there is nothing wrong with the government benefitting from the pursuit.†The odds against the common man are very great, so to them to have a real chance at overcoming everything in life with a purchase of a one dollar power ball tic...

Verifying the Theories of Deborah Tannens You Just Don’t Understand Es

Verifying the Theories of Deborah Tannen's You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation with an Episode of Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher The book You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, written by Deborah Tannen, is an analytical book offering scientific insights on the conversational differences between women and men. The book is copyrighted 1990 and is still read and widely talked about all over the world. Tannen is a Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Tannen is a graduate of the University of California-Berkeley and has a doctorate’s degree in linguistics. She is a highly creditable author who has written many books on social differences between women and men. Some of her other books include: That’s Not What I Meant: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships and Talking From 9 to 5: Women and Men in the Workplace. Her books have been translated into 26 languages and are still read by thousands of people every year (Tannen 13). Tannen’s Vocabulary Terms One of Tannen’s major claims is that women use rapport-talk and men use report-talk. Women use their rapport-talk as â€Å"private speaking† (Tannen 77). It is a way to gain connections and negotiations with the people to which women talk. Women will establish similarities and matching experiences to make conversation. On the other hand, men normally talk using the report-talk. Tannen would consider this â€Å"public speaking.† Tannen defines report-talk as â€Å"the primary means to preserve independence and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order.† Tannen proceeds to explain how men exhibit their knowledge and skills by telling stories, joking, or even impartin... ...n’t Understand have been put to the test. The episode of Politically Incorrect was a perfect representation of Tannen’s ideas and theories. My evidence definitely agrees with Tannen. The episode of Politically Incorrect demonstrated Tannen’s claims. Tannen’s vocabulary terms of report-talk and rapport-talk were exemplified throughout the episode. I find it quite amazing how accurate Tannen’s main arguments were. An interesting fact is that Tannen wrote You Just Don’t Understand over twelve years ago. Women and men have not changed their conversation styles in that twelve-year time period. Works Cited Politically Incorrect. Perf. Bill Maher, Tom Green, Howard Lyman, Humberto Fontova, and Florence Henderson. KCAU-9, Sioux City. 18 March 2002. Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: First Quill, 2001.

Essay --

Unethical business practices have been an issue over the past decade, from Enron to Wall Street. Pilot Flying J recently was prosecuted for defrauding many of their clients. The scandal extended all the way to the senior management. The scandal was driven by greed and could have easily been prevented by applying one or all of the following five systems: written contracts, external auditors, compliance officers, handbook training, and moles. Pilot Flying J only had informal verbal agreements with their partners; they did not have firm contracts. When combined with the complexities needed to calculate the constantly varying average cost of fuel and the sophistication needed to interpret these numbers, PFJ had some flexibility to fudge the numbers if inclined. Due to constantly varying fuel prices the average cost of the fuel was constantly changing, leading to relatively significant changes in the amount of the rebates. Since their clients complained about being cheated due to the varying rebates, PFJ decided to manually change the rebates so that they are more consistent. This manual change often reduced ones rebate. This reasoning illustrates the senior management’s lack of ethics. PFJ and their clients had somewhat of a rough verbal contract. Verbal contracts are just as enforceable as written contracts on paper, but it is not as easy to enforce them in the real world. Written contracts between Pilot Fly ing J and their customers would have forced PFJ to become more accountable to their customers. A written contract should have been made between PFJ and their customers that stated the discount rate and all of the other factors that went into the relationship. PFJ was not transparent in their inner workings, often ... ...to ensure that they are both doing their duty. Neither of these options for placing a mole within ones organization would be difficult or time consuming. Either option would be a valid way to ensure that nothing illicit is going on inside the business. Although having a mole in one’s organization can be seen as borderline illegal and unethical, if having a mole prevents fraud on a significant scale, then it is considered justifiable. By following any of the aforementioned ways to enact systems that create a lawful work place PFJ could have prevented this scandal from happening. All PFJ had to do was spend a little time reiterating their daily rules and procedures. These systems were probably not in place because the executives were the ones that were committing the fraudulent activities. Greed has cost Pilot Flying J $85 billion dollars and their good name.

Sales Management

What are the pros and cons of Mr. Evans’s e-commerce strategy? What is the best argument that Ms. Miko can make to keep her sales force intact? In your opinion, should Cardinal Connectors Inc. eliminate its sales force? Explain. 2. Assume your company, which sells paper products, has 60 percent of the business at your largest account. What factors would make it relatively easy for you to get a larger share of that customer’s business, and what factors would make it harder? 3. One manufacturer of dictating machines recruits only experienced people and does not recruit among graduating college students.A competitor recruits extensively among colleges in its search for salespeople. How do you account for the difference in sources used by firms selling essentially the same products? Explain your analysis in detail. 4. A manufacturer of small aircraft, designed for executive transportation of large companies, has decided to implement the concept of a selling center. Which pe ople in this company should be on the selling teams? What problems is this firm likely to encounter when it uses team selling? 5. You must choose between two sales recruits.One has scored very high in terms of the quality of his interview, but not very well on the series of psychological tests to predict qualities the firm thinks are necessary for success. Another person did well on the psychological testing, but not very well in the personal interview. All other things being equal, which one would you hire, and why? What do you think the strengths and weaknesses would be of the one you hired? 6. â€Å"Salespeople are born, not made. It’s futile to try to train a person to be a salesperson, so I don’t. How would you answer a sales manager who said this to you if you were trying to get her or him to hire you as a sales trainer? 7. In what respects would a compensation plan differ among salespeople for the following firms? a) the manufacturer of small airplanes used by executives; b) a wholesaler of office equipment and supplies; c) an automobile dealer. 8. Do you approve of Kathryn’s plans of action? If so, why, and how could she improve her plan of action? If not, what changes would you suggest she consider making? Describe your views in detail. 9.A petroleum firm with a sales force of 300 people planned to sell its fleet of company-owned automobiles and have the salespeople use their own cars instead. What problems are involved in this change? What actions should the petroleum firm take to address them? 10. As a sales manager for HighRising Company, Rocky Foster oversees 15 sales reps. Foster is an outstanding transactional leader, but he is hopelessly ineffective as a transformational leader. Is this a problem? Why, or why not? What recommendation, if any, would you make to the Vice President of Sales? 11.What advice would you give Michiko Takanaga on how she should reduce her departmental budgets? Justify your recommendations. 12. What control unit would you recommend in establishing sales territories for each of the following companies? Explained why you picked the control unit you did for each. a) manufacturer of laptops; b) food broker; c) appliance wholesaler; d) manufacturer of outboard motors; e) lumber wholesaler 13. What supporting points could be made over allocation of indirect marketing costs, by the proponents of each side, in the full-cost versus contribution-margin controversy ?Which of the two concepts do you advocate, and why? 14. If a company made a territorial volume analysis and found some subpar territories, how might these facts affect the following activities relating to salespeople? a) supervision b) compensation c) training 15. â€Å"Let’s face it. Our product is no different from that of 20 other competitors. It sells for the same price and for the same terms. We all give the same service. It really doesn’t matter to the buyer which of us gets the order. So the only way we can get an edge is through our aggressive entertainment and gift program.We work hard at making our buyers happy with us. They enjoy doing business with us. † Do you see any ethical problems involved here? What possible consequences are there to the company? What would you do differently, if anything? 16. As a sales manager for a baby food concern, you want to evaluate the ability of your representatives to obtain good shelf space in grocery stores. How would you do this? Before implementing this process, you call a meeting of your reps to explain your evaluation process to them. What would you say? Sales Management One of the major problem facing sales managers is on what criteria to judge a new salesperson when hiring him. In most cases, the sales managers look at the sales person’s past records and his performance in the previous organization but many a times, they see that a successful salesperson in one organization does not perform when hired in the new organization. One of the main reasons for that it is the difference in culture and values. The new recruit might be very good but he might not be compatible with your organization. Another major problem being faced by the sales managers is that even though the sales people meet their targets, they barely ever follow the sales process of their own company. Every salesperson tries his own tactics that he thinks will bring business. When giving bonuses to salespeople, sales managers find it difficult to determine the metrics on which to evaluate the salesperson’s performance. Should they judge the salesperson depending on how much business he brought and in that case, they will have to ignore the ways the business was brought, to what extent was business rules followed and how ethical was the deal, etc. Ethical issues are one of the major problems that are faced by the sales managers. Many sales people bring in a lot of business for the firm but in return, they are being paid kickbacks by the customer which means that unethical behavior is practiced. It is very difficult for a sales manager to oversee any unethical practices taking place in the organization from his office and therefore, they find it extremely difficult for stop unethical practices in the organization. Almost all sales managers face this problem. The sales manager has to evaluate the performance of the sales people and this responsibility makes the sales manager a judge and on the other hand, the sales manager is required to train and coach the sales people and this responsibility makes the sales manager a coach and a helper and both these roles are very conflicting so the sales managers find it difficult to fulfill both roles since both roles require different type of a relationship with the sales person. Many sales managers when evaluating the sales person give more emphasis to whether they like the sales representative or not rather than on the fact that sales person is bringing in business which is not the right thing. Because even if the sales manager does not that sales representative, if the representative is bringing in the expected business, then the manager has to reward him either through commission or bonuses. Sales managers find it difficult to decide whether they want to have a salary plus commission or salary plus bonus. In the first method, the commission is the percentage of the sales made in actual dollar terms whereas in the second method, you give a certain percentage of the sales representative’s salary as a reward to the sales person. Both have their advantages and disadvantages and one method works better for some sales people whereas the other method works better for other sales people and deciding which one to implement is an issue that is faced by sales people on a more strategic level rather than operational level. Sales managers also have to decide whether they assign sales teams or one sales person to each account. And if they have a whole sales team for one account then how do they plan to reward those sales people. Will those sales people be evaluated on the basis of team performance or individual performance and if they will be evaluated on team performance then will the rewards be given to a whole team equally or depending on each sales person’s contribution towards the goal because these things will affect the motivation level of the sales people. Answer 2: The emphasis on training the sales people cannot be emphasized enough. Sales people’ training is very essential for both new and old sales people. Training in communicating with people is important for both old and new sales people since they come across all sorts of customers. For example, a sales person who is selling detergent will be selling the detergent to all sorts of people whether the customer is in higher socioeconomic class or lower, whether he is a man or a woman or whether he is Asian or America. Sales people should know how to communicate with all sorts of people so that they can cater to more customers. Administrative training is really important because the sales people whether old or new should be told to keep all sorts of documentation because safely keeping all sales documents is important therefore, sales people need training about what documents they need to create when a sale is made, how the documents are maintained and how they need to be filled, etc. Sales people also need training regarding knowledge development. They need to be told how to keep themselves abreast about all the products of the company, its competitors and also information about substitute products because the customer of today is very knowledgeable and therefore, to sell to such a customer, a sales person must know everything in and out so that he can convince the customer to buy his product. The new sales people need to be trained regarding the sales practices of the company, the sales culture of the company and also the sales process. You need to have the new recruit get integrated into the new environment so that he can perform well and secondly, all organizations do not have the same way of selling so the sales representative need to be made aware of what is expected out of him so that he can strive to achieve that and in a way that is accepted and practiced by the new organization. The importance of training is also important since the world is becoming global and sales people are transferred from one region to another so they need to be aware of the differences in culture, language, etc so that they can sell to the locals without transgressing the boundaries or offending them in any way. Experienced sales people have to be trained because if they are not trained, they become outdated. They need to be taught about the new ways of selling which are practiced by the big companies so that they can utilize them to sell to the customers. Experience sales people will also have to be made aware of the new technologies. For example, now many companies are using Sales Force Automation systems which enhance the selling of the organization. These are new technologies and the sales people will have to learn these new technologies to remain current and competitive. Training is also essential for new sales people to let them know what they need to do to move higher up in the rung which helps to reduce employee turnover since if they know that doing so and so will lead them to a new destination then they will not look outside the organization for career opportunities. Moreover, it makes it clear to them about what they need to do to get a certain thing so that they can work towards it. Answer 4: The major advantage of building customer relationships via the internet is the cost factor. It is much cheaper to sell, answer queries, and provide customer service to thousand customers on the Internet because very few people can handle all this since most of the work is automated. However, in a brick and mortar environment, it would require hundreds of sales people to manage all these relationships and it will be costly because you need to pay them, you need to train them and secondly, the consistency will not be there. Another major advantage of building customer relationships online is that you can cater to a wide range of audience. The Internet is used by people around the world so if you are selling books on the Internet and your business is in Chicago then you are not just limited to people living in Chicago. People from all around United States and also outside the country can buy from you since all they need is that they have to do is go to your website. The communication becomes very quick when you are handling relationships on the Internet. For example, if the customer is finding some problem with a new appliance he bought from an online store, he can just e-mail them or chat with some online representative who will solve the query faster than in traditional stores. The Internet helps you to display millions of things to a customer who gets to have a wide range which is not possible with traditional methods. So you can display millions of goods to the customer which will keep him happy without increasing your cost since you do not have to buy a huge storefront to keep all those goods. When you are selling an electronic item in a traditional store, you need to train all the sales people so that they know how to operate the item and whenever a customer arrives, the sales person will have to demonstrate to him how the item works. With online websites, you can put videos of demonstration of how the item works which is cheaper plus the customer can view any time and he can watch multiple times even after he has bought the item. However, there are also disadvantages of this method. For example, it is very difficult to attract traffic to your online service or store. Many companies do not have enough funds to pay websites such as Google for advertising them and with online websites; there is no other way of attracting customers. Another problem with this is that customer and sales person cannot see each other And due to that the communication is not as effective as with traditional methods. In all sorts of communication, a communication becomes more effective if the other person can see you so that you can study his body language and facial expressions. Secondly, many people find it uncomfortable talking to a machine. There are many prospective customers whom you can sell but they do not access the Internet either because it is not accessible to them or because they are too busy so there are chances that you can miss out on important customers which results in lost sales. When you have to interact with a customer online, it is much more difficult than using the traditional ways. Therefore, when recruiting people, you need to ensure that they are capable of communicating with someone over the Internet effectively. Moreover, they should be trained well so that they can help the customer properly. Sales Management One of the major problem facing sales managers is on what criteria to judge a new salesperson when hiring him. In most cases, the sales managers look at the sales person’s past records and his performance in the previous organization but many a times, they see that a successful salesperson in one organization does not perform when hired in the new organization. One of the main reasons for that it is the difference in culture and values. The new recruit might be very good but he might not be compatible with your organization. Another major problem being faced by the sales managers is that even though the sales people meet their targets, they barely ever follow the sales process of their own company. Every salesperson tries his own tactics that he thinks will bring business. When giving bonuses to salespeople, sales managers find it difficult to determine the metrics on which to evaluate the salesperson’s performance. Should they judge the salesperson depending on how much business he brought and in that case, they will have to ignore the ways the business was brought, to what extent was business rules followed and how ethical was the deal, etc. Ethical issues are one of the major problems that are faced by the sales managers. Many sales people bring in a lot of business for the firm but in return, they are being paid kickbacks by the customer which means that unethical behavior is practiced. It is very difficult for a sales manager to oversee any unethical practices taking place in the organization from his office and therefore, they find it extremely difficult for stop unethical practices in the organization. Almost all sales managers face this problem. The sales manager has to evaluate the performance of the sales people and this responsibility makes the sales manager a judge and on the other hand, the sales manager is required to train and coach the sales people and this responsibility makes the sales manager a coach and a helper and both these roles are very conflicting so the sales managers find it difficult to fulfill both roles since both roles require different type of a relationship with the sales person. Many sales managers when evaluating the sales person give more emphasis to whether they like the sales representative or not rather than on the fact that sales person is bringing in business which is not the right thing. Because even if the sales manager does not that sales representative, if the representative is bringing in the expected business, then the manager has to reward him either through commission or bonuses. Sales managers find it difficult to decide whether they want to have a salary plus commission or salary plus bonus. In the first method, the commission is the percentage of the sales made in actual dollar terms whereas in the second method, you give a certain percentage of the sales representative’s salary as a reward to the sales person. Both have their advantages and disadvantages and one method works better for some sales people whereas the other method works better for other sales people and deciding which one to implement is an issue that is faced by sales people on a more strategic level rather than operational level. Sales managers also have to decide whether they assign sales teams or one sales person to each account. And if they have a whole sales team for one account then how do they plan to reward those sales people. Will those sales people be evaluated on the basis of team performance or individual performance and if they will be evaluated on team performance then will the rewards be given to a whole team equally or depending on each sales person’s contribution towards the goal because these things will affect the motivation level of the sales people. Answer 2: The emphasis on training the sales people cannot be emphasized enough. Sales people’ training is very essential for both new and old sales people. Training in communicating with people is important for both old and new sales people since they come across all sorts of customers. For example, a sales person who is selling detergent will be selling the detergent to all sorts of people whether the customer is in higher socioeconomic class or lower, whether he is a man or a woman or whether he is Asian or America. Sales people should know how to communicate with all sorts of people so that they can cater to more customers. Administrative training is really important because the sales people whether old or new should be told to keep all sorts of documentation because safely keeping all sales documents is important therefore, sales people need training about what documents they need to create when a sale is made, how the documents are maintained and how they need to be filled, etc. Sales people also need training regarding knowledge development. They need to be told how to keep themselves abreast about all the products of the company, its competitors and also information about substitute products because the customer of today is very knowledgeable and therefore, to sell to such a customer, a sales person must know everything in and out so that he can convince the customer to buy his product. The new sales people need to be trained regarding the sales practices of the company, the sales culture of the company and also the sales process. You need to have the new recruit get integrated into the new environment so that he can perform well and secondly, all organizations do not have the same way of selling so the sales representative need to be made aware of what is expected out of him so that he can strive to achieve that and in a way that is accepted and practiced by the new organization. The importance of training is also important since the world is becoming global and sales people are transferred from one region to another so they need to be aware of the differences in culture, language, etc so that they can sell to the locals without transgressing the boundaries or offending them in any way. Experienced sales people have to be trained because if they are not trained, they become outdated. They need to be taught about the new ways of selling which are practiced by the big companies so that they can utilize them to sell to the customers. Experience sales people will also have to be made aware of the new technologies. For example, now many companies are using Sales Force Automation systems which enhance the selling of the organization. These are new technologies and the sales people will have to learn these new technologies to remain current and competitive. Training is also essential for new sales people to let them know what they need to do to move higher up in the rung which helps to reduce employee turnover since if they know that doing so and so will lead them to a new destination then they will not look outside the organization for career opportunities. Moreover, it makes it clear to them about what they need to do to get a certain thing so that they can work towards it. Answer 4: The major advantage of building customer relationships via the internet is the cost factor. It is much cheaper to sell, answer queries, and provide customer service to thousand customers on the Internet because very few people can handle all this since most of the work is automated. However, in a brick and mortar environment, it would require hundreds of sales people to manage all these relationships and it will be costly because you need to pay them, you need to train them and secondly, the consistency will not be there. Another major advantage of building customer relationships online is that you can cater to a wide range of audience. The Internet is used by people around the world so if you are selling books on the Internet and your business is in Chicago then you are not just limited to people living in Chicago. People from all around United States and also outside the country can buy from you since all they need is that they have to do is go to your website. The communication becomes very quick when you are handling relationships on the Internet. For example, if the customer is finding some problem with a new appliance he bought from an online store, he can just e-mail them or chat with some online representative who will solve the query faster than in traditional stores. The Internet helps you to display millions of things to a customer who gets to have a wide range which is not possible with traditional methods. So you can display millions of goods to the customer which will keep him happy without increasing your cost since you do not have to buy a huge storefront to keep all those goods. When you are selling an electronic item in a traditional store, you need to train all the sales people so that they know how to operate the item and whenever a customer arrives, the sales person will have to demonstrate to him how the item works. With online websites, you can put videos of demonstration of how the item works which is cheaper plus the customer can view any time and he can watch multiple times even after he has bought the item. However, there are also disadvantages of this method. For example, it is very difficult to attract traffic to your online service or store. Many companies do not have enough funds to pay websites such as Google for advertising them and with online websites; there is no other way of attracting customers. Another problem with this is that customer and sales person cannot see each other And due to that the communication is not as effective as with traditional methods. In all sorts of communication, a communication becomes more effective if the other person can see you so that you can study his body language and facial expressions. Secondly, many people find it uncomfortable talking to a machine. There are many prospective customers whom you can sell but they do not access the Internet either because it is not accessible to them or because they are too busy so there are chances that you can miss out on important customers which results in lost sales. When you have to interact with a customer online, it is much more difficult than using the traditional ways. Therefore, when recruiting people, you need to ensure that they are capable of communicating with someone over the Internet effectively. Moreover, they should be trained well so that they can help the customer properly.