Enterprise Rent-a-Car Essay

SWOT With Enterprise, the customer always comes first. This is a major strength that the company has capitalized on in order to separate itself from the competition. Their â€Å"We’ll pick you up!† slogan is the primary focus of the company’s customer service aspect. After the customers, the focus is on employees. Good customer service comes from only the best employees and Enterprise wants all of their employees to be happy with their jobs. By offering a sense of ownership and incentives to advance within the company, Enterprise employees are often very satisfied with their positions. Enterprise is the largest car rental company with the largest fleet and the most rental locations. Because of this, they are easily accessible all over the country. Their main market focus is the home/city market segment and they are the industry leader in this segment with the most market share. In order to stay on top, Enterprise has kept up with technology and has formed many long-term alliances with insurance agents and car repair shops to produce referrals. Shifting to the weaknesses of the company finds Enterprise falling short in a couple of areas. Enterprise does not have the largest market share in the entire car rental industry. The company has established itself in the home/city market and has not entered the largest segment of the industry†Ã¢â‚¬ airport rentals. As a result, they have low awareness in the industry. Another drawback is the lack of a frequent customer program. Most major car rental companies have these repeat-buyer clubs as they attract repeat business and create more customer awareness. Within the company, Enterprise is also having problems recruiting good employees. Because awareness of the company is low and the image of working for a car rental company isn’t that glamorous, college graduates often overlook employment opportunities with Enterprise. The biggest foreseeable opportunity for the company to take advantage of is the airport market segment. This is the largest market segment of the car rental industry and it’s been left untouched by Enterprise. Next would be the under 25 yr. old segment. Rental car companies often leave out possible customers in this segment by either not renting to them or adding large fees  to the normal rental rates. Enterprise on the other hand, does rent to the under 25 segment and charges a small fee or no fee at all. The leisure rental market is another segment that Enterprise can expand into. This market is largely made up of people that want to rent more expensive cars (SUV’s and convertibles) for the weekend. Another opportunity for the company is to expand its system of alliances with businesses and schools/universities. More incentives can be offered to this segment in hopes of opening up more business opportunities. Enterprise will have to watch out for threats in the industry to keep its competitive position. One of the threats is the opportunity for other car rental companies to enter the home/city segment, which is the stronghold of Enterprise. In order to be competitive in the future, Enterprise must keep up with technological advancements such as Internet applications. Alternatives There are three broad alternatives that Enterprise can choose to implement if they want to meet their profit and growth expectations for the future. Enterprise could do nothing, target the vastly untapped 25 and younger market, or move into other segments of the overall rent-a-car market. These three alternatives could be used alone or in combination. One option for Enterprise is to do nothing. The next option for Enterprise is to target the vastly untapped 25 and younger market. This market is an exceptional opportunity for Enterprise because they are one of the only car rental companies that rents to drivers under the age of 25. To target this group takes commitment and creativity. First and foremost Enterprise needs to come up with more creative ads targeting this segment. Another angle for Enterprise would be to get its name onto college campuses across the country. They could do this by giving presentations at various Universities’ or having a creative national contest for college students. Finally to fully reach and keep the under 25 market, Enterprise must keep up with technology. This segment is the most computer savvy of all age groups and to fully target this market Enterprise must be  the industry leader in technological innovations. The Final option for Enterprise is to move into other segments of the overall rent-a-car market. Enterprise dominates the replacement rental segment of overall rent-a-car market. The replacement rental segment only accounts for twenty-seven percent of the total market. Therefore, there is a huge market consisting of the business and leisure/discretionary markets that enterprise has currently not entered. Criteria In implementing these alternatives there must be a way to measure the action to see if they are working. The advertising we propose is more of local nature than national. We believe that the National advertising campaign should still be done, but a local one should be done also to compliment the National campaign. The local campaigns should be in the form of newspaper ads and radio ads. The local branch should monitor and select the media. Then the revenue generated from the ad should be four times the cost to run the ad. Once this 4to1 ratio is not met, its time to change the ad or find another media. The Enterprise company culture is such that each individual branch is responsible for its sales and service. To stay in the parameters of this culture each branch should be responsible for its own advertising also. In measuring the college presentations and the creative contests, Enterprise should monitor the number of resumes that they receive. If the presentations and/or contests do not generate a sizable amount of resumes, then the programs must be reevaluated. Moving into the other segments of the overall rent-a-car market can be measured by profits. Once an airport branch becomes profitable, then Enterprise should start looking at other airports for expansion. In the leisure/discretionary market, track how many weekend rentals and luxury rentals that are being used by each branch. Evaluation of Alternatives 1. Marketing to the 25 yr. and younger segment Our first alternative is to develop a marketing campaign to the 25-year and younger market segment. Targeting this segment will benefit Enterprise by developing a significant growth in increased awareness not only locally, but  also nationally. Increased awareness for the local/city segment will greatly help their all ready prosperous market niche. The recruitment of high quality employees and building superior brand awareness will enable Enterprise to stand above its competitors. Targeting the 25-year and younger segment, Enterprise will develop a younger clientele and will have a wider range of employees to select from. This can be accomplished by setting up presentations at respected universities around the United States and promoting incentive contests with rewards. Other benefits will include increased profit potential and being a step ahead of its competitors with technology. Technological advancements in the Internet and World Wide Web could add convenience for customers with the creation of an on-line reservation system. On the other side of the spectrum, some risks could be associated with the targeting 25 and younger segment. These risks will be associated with larger costs in advertising, marketing, and recruitment. Time and energy will also be contributed since a long-term commitment is required. Also, consumers might question the security of on-line reservations. 2. Moving into new market segments Our second alternative is to move into and gain a share of new market segments. These new markets are the airport segment and the leisure/discretionary segment. The airport segment is the largest in the rental car market, due to the immense amounts of business corporations renting out cars for their representatives. Enterprise can distinctly take control of this market segment and more profits and revenues can be attained. With sharing or controlling this market segment, awareness will expand among these business travelers and discounts and incentives can be introduced to incorporate repeat business. For the leisure/discretionary segment, Enterprise can introduce more luxury vehicles that will appeal to the distinctive traveler. The benefits of moving into the new markets are considerable. Some negative issues can affect Enterprise by moving into new market segments. One is that it is very expensive. There could be numerous costs resulted by missed judged opportunities or mistakes rendered by managers at  these airport locations. Secondly, it is very risky trying to penetrate an all ready saturated market, such as the airport segment. Spending money, time, and energy into a new market segment where Enterprise does not have a firm hold can be financially costly and damaging to Enterprises image. Recommendation Our recommendation, as the Base One Consulting firm, to Enterprise Rent-A-Car, begins with a slow penetration of the business segment (airport rentals) of the car rental market. By entering this segment of the market, Enterprise can penetrate a market in which it formally had no presence in. Also, with the business segment being the largest segment of the car rental industry, there is huge profit potential. We would recommend starting the segment penetration with only the larger airports to limit the cost and risks associated with entering this new segment. Within two years enterprise should evaluate their progress in this segment. If it proves to be profitable, Enterprise should continue to expand into smaller airports across the country, and have a national presence, in the estimated 150 airports within five years. This will be necessary to maintain the present growth rate of 25% for the company since the home-city market is only growing at about 10 to 15% per year. However, to remain consistent with the companies â€Å"decentralized† operations, we feel that the business segment of the industry should be run and managed as a completely separate region, no matter where it is located. This will prevent the loss of focus on Enterprise’s primary market segment, the replacement market, with particular emphasis on neighborhood locations. The second part of our recommendation for Enterprise Rent-A-Car involves increasing advertising targeted towards the under 25-year-old market. Allowing time for budgeting and the creative process, the advertising campaign should be implemented immediately. This can prove to be very valuable because some other firms will not rent a vehicle to anyone under the age of 25. Similarly, a great opportunity to develop brand loyalty lies in this segment. By â€Å"getting a jump† on the other car rental companies in the mind of the consumer, Enterprise can put itself at a strategic advantage. Enterprise has already begun to do this somewhat, with a lower charge than other companies, for the under 25 years old rentals. However, we  recommend using a national advertising campaign to not only increase the awareness of renting to younger customers, but also to increase awareness of the company as a whole. This in turn, will help ease the difficulty of penetrating other segments. Furthermore, a localized campaign, managed by each region, should be implemented to increase awareness, catering to local trends and needs, once again, keeping consistent with the companies â€Å"decentralized† operations format. Included in this local advertisement campaign, an emphasis should be placed on the company itself and its job opportunities, highlighting to the younger audience the promotion from within process and profit-sharing opportunities. Another aspect of the local advertising campaign should focus on employee recruitment. We recommend some type of contest involving a cash reward to generate interest in becoming employed by the company. For example, we suggest implementing a contest rewarding the best creative taped interview or resume with a $10,000 cash reward and an employed position. This contest will generate interest and provide Enterprise with a database of potential employees. Ultimately it will broaden the pool from which Enterprise is able to choose its employees from. This is very important for the future of the company. Lastly, we recommend that Enterprise continue to keep up with, or ahead of, technology. This continues the emphasis on the younger audience and top-notch employees. Advanced tracking systems, such as the one Enterprise currently utilizes, and convenience are key factors in the future success of the company. Advancements in the area of the Internet and computers is crucial to the sustained growth of this company, especially in the travel segment of the market. Enterprise must consider the financial aspect of the recommendation by Base One Consulting. If approximately 15 airports location were opened and used to judge the profitability of this segment, and an estimated 125 cars at each location (based on Exhibit 1), with the cost averaging about $20,000 per vehicle, Enterprise would be looking at an initial investment of about $37.5 million. However, the company’s revenue is estimated at about $2.61 billion per year from the replacement market. The profit potential can only be estimated since airport rates very widely. Since the overall car rental  market generates an estimated $14.62 billion per year, and the business rentals account for about 40 percent of that figure, there is potential to penetrate an over $5.5 billion dollar market (Figures from Exhibit 2). In comparison, the costs to implement an aggressive advertising campaign, both nationally and locally, must be estimated from past advertising figures (Exhibit 2). Since Enterprise spent an estimated $22 million in advertising last year, and a more aggressive campaign will be implemented, we can estimate an advertising budget of about $55 million. This should cover all of the national and local advertisements. Although the advertising budget will more than double, it would only account for about 2.1% of the company’s budget. This is less than the industry average of 2.8% of revenue. Overall, by implementing the recommended strategy, Enterprise would be looking at expenditures of about $92 million. Although this is almost 40% of the company’s revenue for one year, many of the funds will come from long-term loans and other sources. Also, the revenues that will be realized by implementing the recommendation must be considered.

Curriculum Leaders In Higher Education Education Essay

1998 Census reported high per centum of adult females population and literacy rate ( 48 and 27 % ) ( Population Census Organization, 2009and MOE, 2009 ) . Similarly Higher Education Commission of Pakistan ( 2009 ) studies increased figure of female pupils in higher instruction, but they are by and large unseeable leading places particularly higher instruction. This could be consequence of patriarchate ( Haeri, 2002 ) or adult male jingoism ( Haq, 2000 ) . We are losing great human capital because of this. Leadership concept being gendered has shown its branchings in all walks of life. We need reconceptualizeation of leading constructs and factors which affect adult females to go up leading places. Although Memon ( 2003 ) reported addition in adult females territory educational officers, I am looking at leading place like university frailty Chancellor of the Exchequer. Harmonizing to HEC statics less than five-percent of HEI are headed by adult female. Female educational institutes ar e fewer than of male ( Warwick & A ; Reimers, 1995 ) hence they form minority educational leaders group ( Rarieya, 2006 ) . Different subdivision of this paper will discuses leading constructs, course of study leading, leading and gender, factors impacting leading development, research methodological analysis, followed by treatment and decision.CONCEPT OF LEADERSHIPThe construct of leading would supply a model for this research survey. There is no 1 agreed upon definition of leading. It is elusive and contested construct ( Allix & A ; Gronn, 2005 ) due to its complexness in nature, contextually in pattern and subjectiveness in apprehension ( Leithwood, Jantzi, & A ; Steinbach, 1999 ) . There is a turning understanding on the premise that leading is a societal influence of one individual or group applied on other individual or group. And this influence is used to accomplish a end ( Hughes, Ginnett & A ; Curphy, 1995 ; Leithwood, Jantzi, & A ; Steinbach, 1999, and Yulk, 1994 ) . This accomplishment of end or desired purpose involves animating and back uping others towards accomplishing airy end that is based on personal and professional values ( Earley and Weindling, 2004 ) . The construct of holding values, to me act upon the manner leaders think and act. In educational view, current yearss are disputing, leaders are required to get by with disputing demands of reforms ( Harris, 2003 ) . The leader ‘s function is made complex and demanding by the societal and demographic conditions of postmodern society ( Elkind, 1993 ) . This is true in medical instruction. The leaders in medical field demand to present accomplishments and attitudes to go effectual leaders. One of the most of import standards for judging the effectual future leader would be their accomplishments to pull off feelings of ego and others ( Fullan 2001 ) , but they need to hold political orientation, professional entrepreneurship, mediation accomplishments and capableness of conveying alteration. Therefore, the footing of leading power rests upon cognition of organisational map, interpersonal relationship, group kineticss, personal direction and people ‘s value sets ( Harris 2003 ) . Perceptibly leading orientation is switching from act uponing to pull offing alteration and feelings of people. The initial orientation is rooted in personal and positional power, while the ulterior demands for sensitiveness and value-laden leading. It is the ulterior orientation is favourable for adult females leading.Concept OF CURRICULUM LEADERSHIP‘Curriculum leading ‘ has emerged as a new construct in leading literature. The impression of ‘curriculum ‘ loosely highlights a dynamic definition of a idea procedure which is conceptualized and developed for intents of execution of instruction and larning efficaciously in the schools. The quality of course of study procedure is enhanced when rhythms of contemplations, ratings and alterations for betterment are added upon the existent procedures of the course of study development and execution. Through curriculum leading influence one makes educational organisation more cohesive and coherent to accomplish ends. The human community has capacity to determine its hereafter. Leadership is th e procedure which grows from this capacity, act uponing others with the power and authorization kineticss. Curriculum leading means making a figure of undertakings related to the instruction and propensity procedures inside the schools. In other words, it requires programs, leading actions and direction engagement that can back up and determine what is taught, learned, and tested based on the school course of study. This demands the course of study leader to hold a deeper apprehension and broader cognition base of school course of study. It requires understanding of theories of course of study development and execution ( Glatthorn, 2000 ) . Lee and Dimmock ( 1999 ) add the undertakings of a curricular leader further by saying that, â€Å" Curriculum leading and direction encompasses the undermentioned end puting and planning ; monitoring, reexamining and developing the educational programme of the school ; monitoring, reexamining and developing the educational of the school ; monitoring, reexamining and developing the staff of the school ; civilization edifice ; and apportioning resources † ( p.456 ) . Krug ( 1992 ) divided the function of curriculum leading in five constituents: specifying mission, pull offing course of study and direction, oversing instruction, supervising pupil advancement and advancing the instructional clime. The logical inquiry, who should be curriculum leader. Is it chief or frailty principal? Fullan ( 1991 ) responded â€Å" principals † as course of study leaders and Drew from literature that the strong course of study leaders act as resource suppliers, instructional resources, communicators and are visibly presence. Kleine-Kracht ( 1993 ) uses the term ‘indirect leading ‘ to depict principals ‘ functions in easing ‘teacher leading ‘ as opposed to working straight on course of study undertakings or undertakings. Glickman ( 1989 ) argues about principal should be the leader of the instructors as curriculum leader instead than as the exclusive course of study leader. Teachers become more committed and self-managing when schools become true communities, liberating principals from the load of seeking to command people ( Sergiovanni, 1992 ) . Many researches advocate principals to be of import in curriculum leading function nevertheless, Leithwood et Al. ( 1999 ) assert that, â€Å" original beliefs refering the principal as the primary or most of import instructional leader required rethinking † ( p.8 ) . Morrison ( 1995 ) argues that a vice-principal or a deputy caput instructor in primary schools is desirable to exert curriculum leading partially because of his/her place to pass on and keep affair between the principal and the staff. To reply the inquiry, O'Neill ( 2003 ) emphasized the function of sections or capable co-coordinators. Therefore, curriculum leading implies a set of functions and maps that relate to a figure of major countries of course of study leading and direction. It is about the school systems that facilitate the effectual instruction and acquisition procedures inside and out side of the schoolrooms. Besides it includes development of school civilization that maximizes pupil acquisition by supplying dynamic curriculum passage in a originative school civilization that encourages creativeness, invention, edifice squads where acquisition is for all and continued. Attempts are directed to the cutting border educational excellence, with a critical and human-centered positions. Within the complex working of today ‘s schools, as principals portion the lead and the burden, the success of their public presentation will be determined by their ability to animate a civilization of authorization by moving as ‘hero-makers ‘ instead than heroes ( Slater, 2008 ) .LEADERSHIP AND GENDERDuring m y class work for PhD, I learnt that the relationship between leading and gender has late gained attending in literature. Leadership as a societal procedure affects gender both in organisations or society, and is extremely going gendered ( Acker, 1994 ; Adler, et al 1993 ; Blackmore, 1999 ; Ozga, 1993 ) . Theoretical attacks of leading are soundless about gender and do non see gender as a variable of leading concept. These attacks try to turn out their neutrality, but fail. Leadership as gendered construct can be analyzed from three positions ( Yulk, 2002 ) : I ) conceptual building of leading, II ) the organisational civilization where the leading is practiced ; and III ) the procedure of being socialized into leading.Conceptual building of leading:The leader is/as a â€Å" MAN † is unwritten, widely accepted and practiced construct, ignores female ( Alder, et Al, 1993 ) . Most literature is founded in manfully experiences ( Shakeshaft, 2006 ) presuming that the experiences of male and female are same ; hence leader is a adult male. Adjectives like good, airy, multi-skilled, end orientated, facilitative, self regulative and service oriented, are all attached with adult male ( Senge, 1994 ) . Traits like decision, assertiveness and assurance are traditionally been related to adult male ( Yulk, 2002 ) . These adjectives and traits give birth to adult male as a leader. Literature qualifies female leaders as flexible, supportive, nurturing, collaborative, collegial and socially merely ( Fitzgerald, 2003 ) . But when adult female is portrayed in leading as subsidiary, kills all the value ( Mavin & A ; Brayans, 2002 ) . Sing ownership of power, adult females are comfy with power through or with others, believing in sharing ( Blackmore ) , which makes them more acceptable as a leader ( Brunner, 2005 ) .Organizational civilization and construction.I have yet to see any organisation which is gender impersonal. It is preponderantly male who are in control. Organizations have gendered values which affect you as male or fem ale ( Ozga ) . The manner the male and female are trusted in transporting out bigger pressing and of import undertakings, crates sense of uncertainnesss in adult females ‘s head about effectual adult females leading ( Fitzgerald, 2003 ) . They are the insiders in organisation but foreigners for leading ( Blackmore ) . Organizations are largely dominated by adult male ( Coleman, 2003 ) and their kineticss are more adult male friendly than adult females, assisting adult male to accomplish higher ranking easy. The organisational patterns like demand of excess clip, work and policy issues are all unmindful of gender sensitivenesss ( Blackmore )Socialization into leading.The manner work forces and adult females are socialized creates stereo-typicality. The different stereo-typicality signifier the footing of socialisation. The differences of socialisation could be built-in like biological differences. Gendered societal functions like place jobs and kid attention are related with ad ult females, while work forces perform in wider work environment ( Ashraf, 2007 ) . The work forces ‘s work takes pride than that of adult females. I was amazed to larn about adult females stating â€Å" He † and â€Å" His † when depicting a leader. When adult females socialize this construct of adult male leading, they accept feminty being submissive and dependent. It would beef up the prevalent stereotype of adult male as leader and adult female as follower. These stereotypes give rise to behaviours for adult male and adult females. Woman are measured against masculine theoretical accounts of behaviours. Interestingly, if they adopt those behaviours, they are assumed to be unfit for the function and if they do non, they are termed as being excessively feminine ( Blackmore ) . It is catch 22 state of affairs for them, which could ensue in shattering their assurance.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WHICH CONTRIBUTE WOMEN TO SUCCESS IN LEADERSHIP ROLEI recognize that the un dermentioned history may non supply a comprehensive coverage of all of the experiences conducive to leading development. However, these experiences represent two wide spheres of life: work and household. The events happening across these two spheres are shown to lend to one ‘s leading outgrowth and development.I: Work:A: Experiences: Educational, occupation and as leader: Educational experiences are considered as cardinal to future success. Wakabayashi and Graen ( 1984 ) reported educational experiences as most often cited events in one ‘s life that contributed to leading development. But for Yukl ( 2003 ) accomplishments for leading are largely learned from [ occupation ] experience. Particularly anterior occupations challenges are helpful in leading development. McCauly, Ruderman, Ohlott, and Morrow ( 1994 ) illustrate that occupation demands such as making alteration, occupation overload, and confronting inauspicious concern conditions represented dimensions that coul d impact leading development. A anterior success as leader is reported by Avolio ( 1994 ) as one of the positive leading development factor. Bacillus: Opportunity: chances whether achieved or grabbed are of import determiner of leading. This relates to the organisational clime created to back up unexpected growing chances ( London & A ; Smither, 2002 ) Degree centigrades: Peer influence, mentorship and function theoretical account: Peer through different schemes influence leading development ( Richard, 2007 ) . The equal relationship is a valuable constituent of curriculum leading development. In add-on to equals, the mentorship narratives are typically heard in the interviews of course of study leaders. Their interviews reveal that they come into contact with wise mans in their earlier life. Their wise mans served as ushers, function theoretical accounts, accomplishment builders, affairs, clarifiers, and even constructive criticizers. Geting wise mans is an of import development experience for persons traveling into leading functions ( Kram, 1983 ) . Restine ( 1997 ) survey identified mentoring as lending factor in adult females leading development.Two: Family:A. Parents and siblings and/or other household members: Leaderships are seen to hold function of household members in assisting them organize their values and ends associate d with leading. For case in Bhuto household of Pakistan, parents and household members influence their kids to leading functions, manners and values of leading. Keller and Cacioppe ( 2001 ) found parent-children attachment manner effects leader-follower attachment manner. The parental influence to leading manners is seen subsequently in life. Parents provide the function theoretical accounts for kids to place with in the same manner that transformational leaders do with their followings. Such parents help kids to develop their self-efficacy for taking others, advance a strong belief to a higher set of beliefs and values, and supply the challenges and support for kids to construct toward success ( Popper and Mayseless, 2003 ) . Cubillo and Brown ( 2003 ) explained early history and familial support determining the thought of adult females leaders. Womans are supported by their male parents in peculiar. Bacillus: Religious experiences: Religion is one signifier of experience that provides persons with a mechanism for doing sense of life. Wasylyshyn ( 2001 ) emphasized that all human existences are sense doing entities and therefore are looking for ways to calculate out life and the way they should take in the hereafter. There are many illustrations of leaders who derive their values and aims on the footing of religious and spiritual foundations ( Martin Luther, Gandhi, Martin Luther King, etc. ) . Bloom and Erlandson ( 2003 ) highlighted the communal and spiritual patterns in determining leading individuality of adult females. C. Experience of loss: Zaleznik ( 1977 ) described the twice-born magnetic leader as person who has experienced a dramatic life event that changed him or her so dramatically that the person has become a different individual with a radically different life focal point. Personal injury could be one type of experience impacting leading development. In fact, it is rather common for leaders to depict such losingss as turning points in their lives that led them to a deeper apprehension of what they were and who they wanted to go. Bennis ( 2002 ) suggested that harsh and traumatic experiences revealed a concealed portion of one ‘s interior ego that, if successfully transcended, can ensue in greater apprehension and compassion for others.Barriers WHICH DETER WOMEN TO SUCCESS IN LEADERSHIP ROLEWhile a figure of authors have attempted to place and categorise internal and external barriers to the advancement of adult females ‘s callings in educational leading, small discourse has oc curred in Pakistan refering how adult females experience leading ( Rarieya, 2006 ) . The undermentioned history of barriers is based on Cubillo & A ; Brown ( 2003 ) , Ashraf ( 2007 ) , Carnes ( 1996 ) , Coleman ( 2003 ) , , Hill and Ragland ( 1995 ) Blackmore, and Ozaga. Women frequently have a hard clip in stepping frontward and going leaders. There has been much research sing the barriers confronting adult females and attitudes that inhibit adult females from stepping into leading functions. Evidence suggests that adult females face a ‘glass ceiling ‘ when they attempt to travel into leading places. The barriers to adult females ‘s engagement in leading can be considered under these three headers:I: Barriers STEMMING FROM SOCIALIZATION AND STEREOTYPINGA: Constraints of traditional gender functions: Women ‘s traditional individualities and functions have been associated with parenting and caring/nurturing, while work forces ‘s traditional individualiti es are associated with paid employment and the populace sphere. Traditional positions do non take into history the assortment of existent accomplishments and expertness that each individual has and their possible to lend in concern, agriculture and community work. It is of import to to the full acknowledge the potency for engagement by everyone. Bacillus: Manifestations of sexism: Social attitudes sing appropriate gender functions can act upon adult females ‘s determinations sing leading and engagement. Preconceptions about adult females can be so profoundly ingrained that many who hold them are non even cognizant of them. Beliefs can be that adult females leaders are less capable, less competitory or less productive than work forces, non task-oriented plenty, excessively dependent on feedback and ratings of others or deficiency independency.Two: Person BarriersA: Balance of work, household and life style: Both work forces and adult females have household duties. However, adult females continue to presume greater duty for caring for kids, every bit good as for their spouses, parents, and other household members. This is reflected in adult females ‘s lower degrees of leading engagement. Anyone with household duties choosing for leading functions face challenges holding the possible personal and household impact. T he complexnesss and tensenesss of the function, the size of the extra work load and the demand to go to extra meetings increase the complexness of equilibrating household life committednesss. The determinations adult females are doing in relation to work and household are act uponing how and when they participate in leading functions. Organizations that support household duties and supply flexible agreements can better their attractive force and keeping of top male and female leaders with valuable accomplishments. Adopting a leading function and taking duty for doing determinations requires a considerable committedness of clip and energy. This means that adult females must strike an effectual balance between work, household, life style, community and leading committednesss. Today, with the altering nature of employment and lovingness duties, adult females are under increasing force per unit area to take part in leading activities but have less clip to make so. Bacillus: Male and female leading manners: Womans leaders face different outlooks about leading manners and attacks. Women leaders are expected to expose greater inter-personal accomplishments and follow more participatory, democratic manners, while work forces are expected to follow more directing attacks. An single leading manner is developed through societal, historical, and cultural contexts. Organizations may be given to keep stereotyped positions of leading affecting features which are stereotypically masculine behaviours. Some adult females are loath to take on leading functions in these organisations as the behavioural outlooks are incompatible with their universe positions and life experiences. More stiff positions of leading manners can compress adult females, who prefer to exert a different signifier of leading. Leadership accomplishments are non gender particular. It is of import for organisations to acknowledge and formalize a assortment of leading manners. Degree centigrades: Cultural barriers: Culture plays a important function in specifying leading. Different civilizations can value different leading functions and manners and the procedure of leading can take many different signifiers. Many cultural community leaders face the extra challenge of seeking to equilibrate determination doing across two civilizations.Three: Organizational BarriersA: Policies: Glass ceiling, glass walls, gluey evidences are few metaphors which are used to picture unobserved barriers for adult female to go up for leading place. These glass or laxan are policies which are man-friendly. Womans are in organisation but out of leading civilization. Lack of function theoretical account, wise mans and critical friends are other of import factors. Collegialities are over ridden by competition. Bacillus: Skills acknowledgment: many adult females wish for a greater function in determination devising and leading. Leadership accomplishments are frequently defined in relation to people ‘s professional experience in paid employment. It can be hard to interpret accomplishments derived from voluntary community work into a formal employment application. Most adult females have decision-making and leading accomplishments, and these accomplishments are valuable. Unfortunately, it is frequently the instance that adult females and their work are non valued and this impacts negatively on their assurance.MethodologyRESEARCH QUESTIONBased on above conceptual apprehension of curriculum leading, leading and gender, and factors impacting adult females in leading dominance, the undermentioned research inquiry would be the focused the survey:‘How curriculum leading is enacted by a adult female in higher instruction context of Pakistan? ‘CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUNDThe survey was con ducted in Medical College of Aga Khan University ( MC AKU ) . The principle for choosing this peculiar context is because it has revised and renewed it conventional medical course of study to new Problem Based Curriculum in 2002. This is appreciated by other medical colleges who are seeking course of study advises from MC AKU. Hence, I consider MC AKU playing a leading function in medical instruction in Pakistan. The curricular activities of MCAKU are lead by curriculum commission. This commission comprises of five twelvemonth commission caputs stand foring old ages I – V course of study sub-committee, members stand foring longitudinal instruction subjects, clinical accomplishments commission, scrutiny and publicity commission, few single module members, and representation of pupils. It does curriculum development, organisation, and execution. Every curricular alteration or alteration is discussed and approved by it.RESERCH PARTICIPANT:My research participant heads the curric ulum commission. She by developing is a histopathologist and acquired a higher grade in wellness profession instruction. She is been at MC AKLU for more than 15 old ages. She was a member of course of study reclamation undertaking force and performed active function in reclamation procedure. This is one of ground to choose her as my research participant. She has a through apprehension of course of study patterns in median college and in medical instruction. She appeared to be in her late mid-fortiess, married with two kids, a native Pakistani Born belonging to Ismaili religious order of Islam. A adult female found of have oning starched cotton suites with boy-cut hair manner holding no involvement in jewellery. A robust looking friendly individual.CASE STUDY:I chose case-study method to understand broader image of adult females leading phenomenon in one typical unit. The analysis of unit makes it a instance for me harmonizing to characteristics highlighted by Creswell ( 1998 ) . Cas e survey resonate with me as a research worker is because behind the theory, method, analysis, ontology, epistemology, and methodological analysis of research â€Å" stands the personal life of the research worker, who speaks from a peculiar category, gender, racial, cultural, and cultural community position † ( Denzin & A ; Lincoln, 2000, p. 18 ) . Stake ( 1995 ) describes it as probes of â€Å" delimited systems † with the focal point being either the instance or an issue illustrated by the instance ( s ) . It provides an in-depth survey of this â€Å" system, † based on a diverse array of informations aggregation stuffs. The research worker situates this system within its larger â€Å" context † or puting. Lodico, Spaulding and Voegtle ( 2006 ) write, â€Å" instance survey research is a signifier of qualitative research that endeavors to detect significance, to look into procedures, and to derive insight into and in-depth apprehension of an single, g roup, or state of affairs † ( p.269 ) .DATA COLLECTIONBassey ( 1999 ) , Bogdan and Biklen ( 1998 ) , Merriam ( 1998 ) and Johnson and Christensen ( 2008 ) favor the usage of multiple methods and multiple informations beginnings. I would utilize interview as my chief tool, which is recognized, valuable and relevant tool to capture qualitative experiences, sentiments, perceptual experiences, feelings, understanding and knowledge about how and why.Discussion:The current state of affairs of adult females leading is non proportionate to the figure of adult females in higher instruction as pupil or as instructor. This could be because of patriarchal society of Pakistan. The consequence of this social phenomenon needs more probe for adult females in higher instruction leading places. There is turning prominence of adult females ( Hill, and Ragland,1995 ) in leading place, but more contributing environment is be created to pull more adult females.Leadership construct:The construct of leading is and likely will stay contested and elusive. However, leading being a phenomenon of societal influence is accepted widely. â€Å" The leader is to be influential † and this influence is to be at national degree to be effectual. The influence is gagged by accomplishing ends and vision. Hence, the leader has to be end oriented and airy. The vision is based on values ; personal or professional. â€Å" This is my institutes and I want to function more patients through this function † . The current yearss are disputing to accomplish that. There are many environmental factors which influence the leader specially adult females leaders to achieve the airy ends. Leadership construct in educational kingdom gives rise to curriculum leading construct. This emergent construct is related to making many more things so learning in the school. â€Å" it is lot, lot more than instruction † . Lee and Dimmock ( 1999 ) has described the function of curriculum leader in school scene, but those functions are about similar to higher instruction scenes well. â€Å" I guarantee the given authorization of course of study commission ( CC ) is enacted, it includes development of policies and processs, nidation of policies, O.K. plans which come to it from Sub milliliter, proctors curriculum, module development for learning and acquisition, appraisal. †Who should be curriculum leader?Principal, vice-principal or instructor or a double function would be better penchant. If we equate school principal with dean of a university, so vice-principal would be appropriate individual to take the course of study because of being intermediary between staff and principal ( dean ) . I propose the similarity of my research participants as vice-principal. She is a affair between dean and module member, raises course of study concerns and related issues with dean on a regular footing as portion of her monitoring activity. â€Å" I am faculty members ‘ voice, non dean ‘s voice † Bing a instructor and course of study leader is double advantages. It gives a wider gamut of course of study interior and out side of category room. Lofthouse et Al. ( 1995 ) and Caldwell ( 2006 ) cites Weber ‘s ( 1996 ) positions such leading as to be â€Å" shared, co-operative, collaborative or facilitative. † Hence teacher as curriculum leaders should be recruited to take up more curricular duties.Nature and Raising or nature of raising:Irrespective of leading type and duties, the argument of â€Å" born ‘ versus â€Å" made † leading will go on. This argument drew attending to familial and environmental factors which h elp or impede leading including adult females leading. The familial and environmental factors are widely debated. â€Å" It is in my cistrons † is a strong sense of interior committedness proven scientifically in adult females every bit good ( Arvey, Zhang, Avolio, and Krueger, 2007 ) . Amongst environmental factors discussed before, in higher educational scenario, it is more of work related factors which affect adult females leading. Wall street diary ‘s metaphor of glass ceiling and glass wall ( Cubillo, 2003 ) describe unseeable barriers. â€Å" I have to give a batch in footings of fundss and publicities † is large concern. This could be regarded as â€Å" gluey floors † ( Tesch and Nattinger, 1997 ) which does non allow adult females ascendency to the ceiling. Dickstein ( 1996 ) cited in Carnes, Morrissey, and Geller, ( 2008 ) criticized the glass and called it Lexan, a stuff stronger and more hard to shatter than glass. If adult female reaches to ceiling so there is no function theoretical account seen through the ceiling ( Carnes ( 1996 ) . But values particularly spiritual makes these adult females to hold faith in them and committedness to go on. â€Å" It is our institute ; if I have to work so I will work at AKU merely † . This came from spiritual belief and fond regard to establish.Role of equals and wise mansPositive experienced and supportive environment provided by equals is one of the of import leading developmental factors. Peer relationships offer alone value for development because of the grade of common duty and the continuance of the relationship. â€Å" I used to portion an office with a co-worker. I learnt a batch from her about medical instruction. That developed my involvement to acquire a formal grade in heath profession education. † . Peers non merely assist to gestate curriculum leading constructs but besides aid pattern those. Mentors pay a major function in bearer determination devising. However, current organisational apparatus lacks that. It consequences in many inspiring adult females lose their desire to leading function. But the current economic system and service driven instruction has created an environment of competition than collegiality. Organizations should see equal and mentorship relationships as a potentially valuable constituent of an overall leading developmentDecision devisingThis is really rooted in values and adult females manner of leading. As mentioned earlier that adult females like holding more power through or with ot hers. They are more democratic in determination devising and show flexibleness than work forces. â€Å" I take every organic structure on borad. † â€Å" I do non believe in individuality, squad work is my strength † . These are typical of adult females leading manners. However, both work forces and adult females feel that it shows adult females ‘s deficiency of decision and assurance to do single determination. It is at that place forward taken a failing instead than strength. Organizations are more attuned to adult male determination doing manner and want â€Å" He adult female † than â€Å" she adult female † in determination devising. He adult females to act the same manner as adult male. Hence, â€Å" you know how much I have changed. I am more flexible now than earlier † . It appears as for doing a niche in leading place adult females might necessitate a manful ghetto in her manner and visual aspect, â€Å" Her male child cut hair mann er and concern suite. †Organizational factors:â€Å" I have to give a batch, I paid a large award to be in this potion † . This reflects organisational policies which do non honor adult females ‘s curriculum leading function. Womans do most of educational work but when it comes to publicities ; it is about research-output. Women ‘s curriculum leading functions are evaluated as acceptable in public presentation assessment, but research as outstanding. Presently at MC AKU, in footings of importance, course of study activities are fighting to come at par with net incomes bring forthing avenues. â€Å" This organisational attitude is de-motivating for all module interested in learning and larning † . Womans who likes learning and have household duties would be more affected by this organisational attitude.Past experience:Experience of successful in leading function seems to be a turning point. â€Å" My instruction was evaluated as good one. My faculty c oordination was extremely apprehended and was regarded as best. I so though that this is the line that I must choose. † . it is human nature that wages will promote. But holding a systematic grasp and feedback patterns would surely promote animating leaders. I can associate this phenomenon to myself. The manner I was appreciated changed my bearer way. This past occupation experience takes precedency over instruction or preparation experiences. It is in-service experience which generates the wonder to seek more instruction â€Å" I subsequently decide to take a formal grade in instruction † . It is informal in-service experience which gives more penetration of existent life patterns. Once one is familiar with what it is like so you opt for it.Personal factors:â€Å" I can do a difference † , â€Å" I do what I believe in † â€Å" My forbearance and endurance. I have become really patient. Which I truly do non desire be at times but I have to be. Naturally, I am a temperamental individual [ but ] over the class of clip I have been hammered plenty, that has helped [ me ] to develop forbearance and endurance, working hard, listening to everybody. I involve module in determination devising. I do non believe single determination devising, I seek input, have consensus, squad sprit. † . This shows the importance of personal values translated in action and how demands of actions change 1s behavior. It emphasizes personal features and flexible nature of adult female leading. This is in line with modern-day function of curriculum leader, who needs to larn how to mange his/her and others feelings.Decision:My research participant represented a adult female course of study leader accomplishing vision based on beliefs and values. Experiences of adult female leading are generic irrespective of instruction institute degree. Her dominance to leading has faced similar glass or laxan wall or ceiling. Experiences at work are possibly more of impor t in adult females ‘s entry into leading functions. Organization ‘s nature of â€Å" nurture † makes a difference. To pull more adult females into leading, all stakeholders must admit being of glass ceiling and walls, and agree that leting those in topographic point erodes our state ‘s considerable human capital.Recognition and dedication:I seize this chance to thank my class facilitator and myself for holding this chance to compose some thing about adult females. As a PhD pupil I promised with myself that I would compose some thing about adult females issues before completing class work. Sessions on Leadership and gender issues in leading was a great learning chance provided by my facilitator Dr Khaki. He liberally shared his positions, resources, books and article with all pupils. I greatly appreciate his valuable part. I dedicate all my attempts in composing this assignment to all the adult females of the universe who are capable but disadvantaged because of adult male made regulations of society.Mentions:Acker, S. ( 1994 ) . Gendered Education. Buckingham: Open University Press Adler, S. , Laney, J. , & A ; Packer, M. ( 1993 ) . Pull offing Women. Buckingham: Open University Press Allix, A. & A ; Gronn, P. ( 2005 ) . Leadership as manifestation of cognition. Educational Management Administration and Leadership. 33 ( 2 ) , 181-196. Arvey, D. R. , Zhang. Z. , Avolio, J. B. , & A ; Krueger, F. R. ( 2007 ) . 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Directors and leaders: Are they different? Harvard Business Review, 15, 67-78.

Define the Risk Assessment Scope & Risk Criteria

2. 1. Define the risk assessment scope & risk criteria 2. 1. 1. Objective The purpose of this step is to develop the context for the risk assessment and to define risk criteria that will be used for evaluation of well integrity risks. The deliverables from this step are: risk assessment scope; list of risk criteria. 2. 1. 2. Define risk assessment scope The context and scope of this specialist risk assessment should be defined by the more general risk assessment step in Section 2. 5 of [1].The latter should assess risks to the capacity, injectivity and containment of candidate storage sites, where well integrity represents one type of risk to storage containment. This step should involve: defining the goals and objectives of the well integrity risk assessment; defining responsibilities for and within the risk assessment process; defining the specific inclusions and exclusions; defining the risk assessment in terms of time and location; defining the relationship between the risk asses sment process and the overall development of the CO2 geological storage project; defining the risk assessment methodologies; dentifying and specifying the decisions that have to be made prior to milestone M2; 2. 1. 3. Defining risk criteria Risk criteria for evaluating the significance of well integrity risks need to be defined by the project developer. The risk criteria should reflect the objectives and context for the risk assessment. Adequate consideration should be given to the time and resources available, stakeholder views and risk perceptions, and the applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The risk criteria chosen should be continuously reviewed. Prior to specifying risk criteria, the categories for which risks will be evaluated shall be defined.These include: human health and safety; environmental protection; legal and regulatory compliance; cost; project schedule; reputation; well integrity (functional) performance. The following points should be considered when defi ning risk criteria for well integrity assessments: the categories of risk for the CO2 geological storage project established in the ‘screening basis’ step of [1]; the nature and type of causes and consequences that can occur and how they will be measured; how likelihood will be defined (for example qualitatively or as a quantitative probability); the timeframe of interest; ow the level of risk is to be determined; the level at which the risk becomes acceptable or tolerable; whether combinations of multiple risks should be taken into account and, if so, how and which combinations should be considered (for example leakage pathways composed of multiple failures). In order for the risk criteria to be adequate to support a storage site selection decision they should: be suitable for decisions regarding risk reducing measures to levels as low as reasonably practicable; be suitable for communication; e unambiguous in their formulation; not favour any particular concept solutio n explicitly nor implicitly through the way in which risk is expressed. In addition, risk criteria for CO2 leakage rates related to existing wells should be consistent with the overall storage site containment criteria established in Section 2. 1 (‘Screening basis’) of [1]. Note: Temporal, spatial, volumetric and rate limits for CO2 leakage should be finite and quantifiable to allow for effective risk management.

Innovation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Innovation Management - Essay Example Emphasising this particular concern, the aim of this paper is to explore the strategies adopted by Apple, to counter the competitive influences caused by the innovative strategies taken by Samsung and Google as the major competitors in the industry. Accordingly, due significance will be delivered to the various types of innovative strategies, such as offensive, defensive, imitative, dependent and traditional & opportunist tactics as used or can be used by Apple to overcome the competition challenges. Conclusively, the discussion of the paper will be intended towards developing a 5 years strategic planning, reflecting upon the presently applied strategies, future possible strategies and imbibing new technologies in its currently ongoing practices. Setbacks of Apple in Comparison to the Innovative Strategies Adopted by Samsung and Google Samsung and Goggle are two of the leading brands in the information technology market currently. These organisations can be observed to have taken con siderable plunge towards the application of innovative strategies in order to gain a leadership positioning in the industry context and beat Apple as a competitor in the same. They have not only flooded the market with new innovative and attractive products, but have also been highly focused on understanding customer demand and responding to their changing buying behaviour with efficiency (AFP, 2013). As a consequence, Google was able to obtain a considerable influence on the competitive forces in the oligopolistic market structure of the industry. Similarly, Samsung also believes in rapid innovation concerning the pace of technology advancement in the current phenomenon where the lifecycle of the products are much shortened owing to the imitative strategies practiced by the competitive brands. Samsung appeals to a larger market by providing the customers with a variety of Information Technology (IT) gadgets such as smartphones, tablets, and breathalysers. Assessing the past perform ance of the company, it can be affirmed that Samsung has been doing well in the low-end market and has recently began to expand its presence in the high-end market, giving a tough competition to the already existing brands including Google and Apple. Illustrative, its market share increased to 36% in Q2 of 2011 from about 18% in the same quarter of 2010. While Google has been able to obtain market success based on its product versatility, even though its serves with a limited number of products as compared to Apple and Samsung, Samsung’s success has been mostly driven by its innovative strategies to keep expanding its product line, improving on the basis of differentiation prospects. Replicating the oligopolistic structure of the industry, Samsung also attempts to work in collaboration with other IT companies, including Google to practice innovative strategies and gain competitiveness in the market. For instance, Samsung is renowned as the largest adopter of Google Android so ftware and also a leading supply chain partner of Microsoft Incorporation whereby its major proportion of

The Organizational Behavior in the IGOs and NGOs Research Paper

The Organizational Behavior in the IGOs and NGOs - Research Paper Example The study of organization behavior has become important as people from different backgrounds and cultural values have to work together efficiently and effectively. Organization behavior also seeks to underscore the understanding of behavior in an organization to develop competencies in foreseeing how individuals in an organization are likely to behave (Duncan and Iyer, 2010). The knowledge gathered from the study of organization behavior is helpful in controlling the behaviors that are not in any way befitting the organization’s objectives. In this regard, the purpose of studying organization behavior is to build better relationships by achieving the objectives of the organization, human objectives as well as the social objectives. The study of organization behavior is particularly important for intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and the non-governmental organizations (NGO). This is because understanding the how people behave in an organization will help managers make adju stments where necessary. This paper will explore the concepts of organizational behavior to IGOs and NGOs. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are international organizations with states being their members, and whose decision-making authority lies with the representatives from member states (Dupey and Vierucci, 2008). These organizations are also supranational in the sense that different states gives up some of their sovereignty when they agree to abide by any agreements they engage in by joining the organization. A non-governmental organization (NGO) on the other hand is a legally formed organization by natural or legal persons and functions independently from any form of government according to Dupey and Vierucci (2008). NGOs maintain their status as such by excluding government representatives from its membership. These organizations do not operate on profit motive. Relevance of concept of Organization Behavior to IGOs and NGOs Organization Culture Organizational culture refe rs to a system of shared belief and values that grows within a business and shapes the behavior of its stakeholders (Campion, 2001). An organization culture is typically created by leadership within an organization, often defined through the mission statement, shaped and sustained by the organizational policies, structure and procedures and the relationships among staff and between management of the staff (Pomsuwan, 2007). Every organization has a different organization culture. The corporate culture of IGOs and NGOs for instance, does not operate on profit motive. The corporate culture of these organizations mainly requires their employees to do what is expected of them but not the inputs. This is because these organizations are not for profit. For instance, when it comes to the provision of humanitarian assistance by these organizations, employees are only expected top do their job as defined by the mission statement of these organization. Indeed a careful scrutiny of the corporat e cultures of NGOs and IGOs reveals certain loopholes that need improvement for these organizations to function effectively. One aspect that needs to be changed in the corporate culture of NGOs to improve their functionality is the belief exerted upon employees that the organization is not for profit. This is because such beliefs create laziness and other unethical behaviors within an organization. For this reason, a new culture should be introduced that encourages employees and

Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reforms - Essay Example The changes have bought positive impacts from the view point of parliamentary democracy, parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law. Two such reforms, introduced under the Labour Party reform agenda, are the House of Lords act, 1999 and Freedom of Information, 2000. The former reform was introduced with the goal to make the House of Lord more representative as well as democratic whereas the later was created to make the government operations more open and increase the democracy and sovereignty of the nation1. UK is a nation that follows parliamentary democracy i.e. the members who form the government body are also members of either of the two Houses of the Parliament (though there are a very few exceptions to this) and, the government of Britain is answerable to the Parliament as it owes its very existence to the Parliament. The Parliament of UK is also a sovereign parliament i.e. the legislative body is superior to any other government body inclusive of executive or judicial bodi es. In the United Kingdom, it is the Parliament which decides the laws and the work of the judges is to interpret it. They cannot themselves make a law2. Under the House of Lords reform, the right to sit and vote held by the hereditary peers was to be ended but the legislative powers of the House of Lords was to remain the same. No particular political party would then have majority in the House of Lords and its composition will be a reflection of the percentage of votes cast in the last General Election. When the first phase of this reform came, all but 92 of the then present hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords. 3 This law positively affects the British democracy, as proposed by many scholars. According to the result of a poll, the British MPs too have favored a fully elected House of Lords in comparison to the traditional composition citing that a step like that will have a major impact on the British constitutional reform. The government of Britain was previousl y divided into commons and the lords i.e. the there existed a â€Å"lower house† or popularly the â€Å"House of Common† which comprised of elected members and on the other hand there existed the â€Å"upper house† or the â€Å"House of Lords† who were unelected. The Lords believed themselves to be privileged who had either been put to the coveted seat by their fathers who sat on those chairs in the past or by the ruling party of their time. This arrangement was totally in contrast with the idea of democracy. The ultimate decision making power used to rest with the Lords and only when their decisions differed considerably with those of the Commons, the attempt to rule out those decisions used to be made. This highlights the existence of a large section of society with no important voice in the legislative process of the nation. This shows a democratic split. In a truly democratic country, problems like this would have never emerged. Therefore, it can be s aid that the House of Lords Act, 1999 was a step towards enhancing the democracy of the nation. (Britain’s Deficient Democracy) The reformed House of Lords is more confident, authoritative and it is broadly a representation of the society it seeks to serve. It contains people from different parts of the United Kingdom, from varied professions, from all ethnic and religious communities, both men and women and hence it will be

Our World in 25 Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Our World in 25 Years - Essay Example This makes it imperative to have a procrastination of the future and predict what new things we will have then, relative to how the discoveries have continued to shape the world (Cox). The vigorous researches that are being conducted on various areas of medicine today have created significant discoveries, which have made it possible to eliminate a number of conditions across the world. However, some condition have remained a thorn in the flesh of the scientist as no breakthrough has been discovered to enable scientist eliminate them. Despite the setbacks that have been witnessed in the area of medicine, the progress that has occurred over the last 25 years demonstrates that the 25 years holds a lot of potential for this field. With massive discoveries and development of new technologies for doing research, a number of changes will be witnessed in 2039 in the field of medicine (Davenport). AIDS remains a challenging disease to scientist today who has attempted to design a drug to eliminate it or to develop a vaccine to control its spread without success. However, in the next 25 years, the world will have the pleasure of using the AIDS vaccine, as the scientist will make a major breakthrough in their research. Just like polio was a major disease almost 25 years ago that eliminated and crippled a large number of people, AIDS is a major epidemiological condition. However, similar to the development of the polio vaccine several years later, the scientist will develop an AIDS vaccine in the next 25 year (Pelletier). Patients’ care has remained one of the core problems facing the world today due to the lack of hospital spaces and the large number of patients admitted daily. However, with the emerging technologies, the next 25 years may witness significant changes in the approach adopted towards patients’ care. A new health monitoring system will be in place that will ensure that most

The Star Appeal of Farid al-Atrash and Yusuf Wahbi Assignment

The Star Appeal of Farid al-Atrash and Yusuf Wahbi - Assignment Example Farid’s mother had to work as a singer in private functions like parties and weddings as her children also did jobs as they went to school. Farid and his young sister Amal took an interest in their mother’s love for singing and thus she encouraged them to sing as she taught Farid how to play the oud. Early in their youth, Farid and Amal (who later became Ashmahane), began drawing the attention of composers and song-writers who were amazed by their musical talents and beautiful voices. Soon, they were singing in radio stations and in large gatherings. The cinema also opened a door for success for Farid and Ashmahane after they starred in two films. Unfortunately, tragedy struck and Ashmahane died after being involved in a grizzly car accident. It was rumoured that she was involved with the British intelligence (IMDB 1990). Farid’s quick success brought him into a life of night clubs, love affairs and gambling in which he got involved. Soon, he went into debt and w as abandoned by his mother. It is during this time that his sister died (IMDB 1990). According to Sis.gov, Farid studied the lute at the public service department of the Institute of music and at the same time worked as a driver to earn a living. This was a time of financial difficulty for him and his family. Some of his teachers were the renowned composers Safar Ali and Mohamed al-Qasabgi. Farid later worked in the night club called Badie'a Mosabni. During Farid’s time in 1952, there was a revolution known as the 23 July Revolution. It began on 23rd July with a military coup d’etat by the Free Officers Movement. This was a group of army officers led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. This revolution was initially aimed at overthrowing king Farouk I but later went on to abolish the constituional monarchy and aristocracy of Egypt and Sudan, establish a republic and finally secure Sudan’s independence that was governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium. Thi s revolutionary government established a republic and among its goals was to secure the independence of Sudan. This revolutionary government adopted a staunch, nationalist, anti-imperialist agenda that came to be expressed mainly through Arab nationalism and international non-alignment (Khan 2010). Farid was a mixture of the oriental music’s originality and modernity of Western music. He was the best lute player of his age and one of the first to introduce the show business to Egyptian movies. He died in the year 1974. Indeed, Fareed Al-Atrash was a legend that will always be remembered throughout in history (Sis.gov). Yusuf Wahbi Yusuf Wahbi was an Egyptian stage and film actor and director who was a leading star of the 1930s and 40s. He was one of the most prominent Arab stage actors ever. Born the son of a pasha in 1898, Yusuf was expected to become an engineer like his father but his passion for acting took him to an unexpected direction. He joined the circus and this bot h surprised and enraged his father. He became someone whose testimony was not acceptable in court and he was considered a disgrace to his family. He was expelled from home by his father who later enrollrd him in an agricultural school in order for him to be reformed (Kanema 2008). Wahbi ran away to Italy where he changed his name to Ramses and only

Assess Kant's ethics of duty and freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assess Kant's ethics of duty and freedom - Essay Example According to Kant, ethics has to be considered from a human perspective. His writings on ethics are marked by an unswerving commitment to human freedom, to the dignity of man, and to the view that moral obligation derives neither from God, nor from human authorities and communities, nor from the preferences or desires of human agents, but from reason. (O’Neill, 1993, p. 175) Kant presented his ethical theory in his Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785), Critique of Practical Reason (1787), The Metaphysics of Morals (1797), Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone (1793) and many essays on political, historical and religious topics. His ethics belonged to the critical philosophy developed in Kant’s masterpiece, The Critique of Pure Reason (1781). Kant constructed the principles of ethics according to rational procedures. He attempted to answer the question â€Å"What ought I to do?† Hence, he was concerned with the maxims, or fundamental principles which ought to guide our actions. A principle that cannot serve for all cannot be a moral principle, and this idea allows to assess ethically the maxims that agents adopt. Those who reject non-universalizable principles have morally worthy principles, and those who adopt non-universalizable principles have morally unworthy principles. The demand of the rejection of non-universalizable principles is called by Kant the Categorical Imperative, or the Moral Law. The Categorical Imperative is formulated in different versions. The strictest one is the Formula of Universal Law, which claims: â€Å"Act only on the maxim through which you can at the same time will that it be a universal law†. This is considered the keystone of Kant’s ethics (O’Neill, 1993). A maxim of false promising is not universalizable, hence cannot be included among the shared principles of any plurality of beings. The maxim of

Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Leadership - Coursework Example The key techniques used for developing / improving leadership using theatre and improvisational exercises (for improving and enhancing communication styles); improving and ensuring greater presence (such as increased focus during business presentations, meetings with clients and /or colleagues etc.); using expressive capabilities; and developing and enhancing the art of communicating with the audience (both individuals as well as groups). The article "Choosing strategies for change" presented by Sharon Hill, on the other hand stresses on the significance of managing change within organizations and the various issues faced while initiating new order of things. The article suggests that in order to ensure successful change management within organizations it is imperative to ensure involvement of all employees in the key activities or planning process, since they are the most likely to resist change. Secondly, the article emphasizes on developing strategies specially centered on the type of challenges / resistance likely to be encountered while initiating the change, such as offer training workshops for skill development to the employees. Lastly, one of the most effective ways of initiating the process of change within organizations is taking into consideration the situational factors. This can be achieved by responding to imminent crises situations quickly (Kotter & Schlesinger, 2008). Key techniques used for successful change management include: education (educating the employees), participation (ensuring greater participation of those most likely to resist change), facilitation (offer skills training and workshop), negotiation (offer incentives to influence them to change), and coercion (use threats such as loss of job, promotion or transfer to those resisting the change). 2. Managing change is one of the most difficult and

Management information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management information - Essay Example Finally, it is cumbersome to make a complete list of all the population members since in some instances it does not cover an effective area of the sample (Creswell, 2009). The advantages of a postal survey: it is less costly, especially with very large samples; it can integrate long and complex questions because the respondent can see the question and evaluate it at their own pace; it makes provisions for a picture to be made known as part of a question; it can also cover a large number of people thus increasing the sample size; they are highly targeted. The disadvantages of a postal survey consist of the following: since there is little control of who completes and returns the survey, there numerous mailed surveys that are never returned making the sample less random and self-selective; the method is that it does not offer the option of someone explaining the questions as well as following up or probing the responses since some of the questions can be misunderstood; the sample is usually more self-selected with a lower response level; the body language of the respondent cannot be observed; lastly, only a few individuals will be interested to fill the mailed questionnaire (Frankfort-Nachimias, & Nachimias, 2008, p.34-38). In the survey, female and male customers responded to the questionnaires. A total 48 of 100 respondents were male while 52 were female. This means that 48% of the respondents were male while 52% were female. Of these, 12 males use public transport to visit the store, 12 also walk to the store, and 24 are in possession of personal cars thus drive to the store. From these statistics, it can be deduced that the majority of male customers that visit ABC are high-end clientele. On the other hand, 9 females use public transport to visit the store, 12 walk to the store, while 37 come with cars driving to the store. However, majority of the shoppers are women and most

Reduce,Reuse and Reclycle Essay Example for Free

Reduce,Reuse and Reclycle Essay Practicing these three steps (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) helps us lessen the environmental impact that manufacturing and distributing products have on our environment. Reducing waste is the most effective 3 R practice, because it means not producing unnecessary waste in the first place – So there is zero impact on the environment. If we reduce what we buy and use in the first place and reuse wherever possible, fewer things need to be recycled and the amount of waste we produce will fall. The next best is Reuse, because it extends the life of a product. That item still had to be made but it is used over and over, reducing the need to make new stuff. Recycling in the end is the reprocessing of materials. It helps reduce pollution caused by waste and the need of raw material so that rainforests can be preserved. BENEFITS: We are going to give you some tips and practical examples how to save money, energy and the environment. 1. Do not waste food, make sure that you buy what you are going to consume, give leftovers to your pets or discard them in a responsible way. (Environmental friendly). 2. Grow your own vegetable, fruits, and flowers. 3.  When you leave a room always turn the lights off – Do not forget to switch off all the electrical equipment’s, turn down your emersion heater. 4. Instead of using dishwasher, wash dishes by hands from the sink 5. Always turn the tap off when you wash your teeth. You do not need the tap running when you are brushing your teeth. 6. Instead of buying a lot of books, you can borrow from the library or charity shops. 7. Do not automatically get rid of your old newspaper; use it in place of paper towels to clean glasses and mirrors. Shred it to make packaging materials, use it as a fire starter. 8.  Reuse junk mail envelops for your own mail. Just put a label over the see through window or if the envelop has a bar code at the bottom, run a black marker through it. 9. Do not dump water you use to cook vegetable; water your plants with it. 10. Use the public transport (trains, undergrounds) rather than cars to reduce pollution. ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLING: Recycling uses much less energy than producing new materials from scratch. This means less fossil fuel is burnt and less greenhouse gas is emitted. The vast majority of materials collected from your doorstep are recycled and used in the UK. This means less fuel is used to export waste and import new materials. Recycling helps to reduce pollution, Co2 emissions caused by waste and preserve natural resources for futures generations. Recycling is one of the best ways for you to have a positive impact on the planet in which we live. It is so important to both, the natural environment and us (Human beings). N. B: However, recycling still creates some pollution because it is an industrial process. That’s why â€Å"Reduce and Reuse† are the most important of the 3 R practice. Did you know? Recycling Aluminium uses only five per cent of the energy and emissions needed to make it from raw materials. Each year in the UK, we go through over 1. 2 million Tonnes of electrical waste. (That’s the equivalent of 150 Thousand double decker buses). Prevention is better than cure as the doctors say. Therefore, we must act fast as the amount of waste we create is increasing all the time. We are going to conclude our topic with this wise and pertinent citation of Margaret Mead: â€Å"Never doubt a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. †

Tescos strategy to attract customers

Tescos strategy to attract customers Introduction:- There are many rivals of Tesco early 1990s Tesco rivals gave very tough time to Tesco, so on that time Tesco needed a good and newly trading strategy. Tesco old trading strategy was very good. But on that time Tesco was not attracting the customers due to bad customer services. In 1997 Terry Leahy Joined Tesco as a Chief Executive. Terry Leahy thought that why Tesco is not attracting the customers as compare to its rivals like Sainsburys, Asda etc. So from that time Tesco started additional services to attract the customers. These services are given below. Online Shopping services Tesco internet Tesco Club Card Excluding the above mentioned services Tesco recently introduced new additional services to attract the customers. These services includes Tesco Banks offer the credit cards, mortgages, loans, Tesco Insurance, savings and travel. (cn.tesco.com) Tesco Corporate Strategy might be very valuable research and study as well as very broad. This strategy attracts the customer and gives very hard competition to its rivals especially Marks and Spencer, Sainsburys, ASDA, Morrison etc. Sometimes some Tesco rivals beat Tesco in some fields, therefore corporate strategy of Tesco continuously introduce additional customer services to attract the customers against its rivals. According to Jamier L. Scott Corporate strategy is a series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectation (2002), In the retail business or any company the customers are very important, almost every company try to attract the customers. This could be in different ways like in order to sold items, damage item may be exchange or refund with in specific time period with the receipt which is given to the customers at the time of the selling items. Many companies do this process on the customer services desk as well as some companies do this process on the normal desk like Tesco. But now days customers are expecting more than such kind of services. In other words customers desire is up to date customer service or upgraded customer services. According to Berman B. Evans upgraded products and services create connections. Additional customer service is the extra elements that enhance a retail strategy mix (2010) Upgraded services are good service like store atmosphere, store location, pricing, promotional methods and offers. Many large organizations like ASDA, Tesco, Marks and Spencer and Sainsburys use its corporate strategy to up to date its products and service, which is very helpful to make a good relation with the customers. A strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. The word strategy has military connotation, because it derives from the Greek word for general (Oxford Dictionary 2nd Edition) Every company formulate strategies to enhance its business profit and customers as well as to innovate some products or services which can be attract to their customers. Aims and Objectives:- My Dissertation Topic is: How Tesco use its corporate strategy to attract the customers against its rivals? My area of study: Explanation of Tesco corporate strategy which is used to create up to date customer services. To understand the Tesco corporate strategy which is using to create additional customer services? Explanation of how Tesco corporate strategy attracts the customer by using ancillary customer services. To understand the Tesco offers, goods, services and innovation how these are attracting to the customers. Comparison of Tesco strategies with its rivals strategies that how to attract the customers. Conclusion. Organization Overview:- Tesco is the world largest 3rd retail organization which is based in UK. Tesco have more than 440,000 employees all over the world and almost 3700 stores in UK as well as 13 in other countries. In recent time Tesco opened its stores in the AMERICA, which is known as Fresh Easy as compare to its international rival Wall Mart as well as Tesco have many stores in Europe and Asia like Poland, Slovakia, Hungry, Turkey, Czech Republic, Republic of Ireland, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia. MR Jack Cohen was the founder of Tesco. He started his business in 1917 as a small stall. Tesco opened its first store in 1929 in Edgware. After that Tesco unbelievably has developed its business in UK and worldwide. Tesco introduced many innovations to attract the customers. Day by day Tesco is increasing its products and services to keep the customer loyal, this gives though time to its rivals. Tesco is first company which introduced self check outs to provide good customer services. Tesco is offering many services to its customer from tesco.com like home delivery services and online ordering/shopping and give return to the customer in the shape of Tesco club card. Tesco use its corporate strategy in different ways to attract the customer. A Tesco 2009/2010 interim result is showing that sale boosted from 11.4% to 14% and profit increase 8.6% from its original profit Tesco dividend growth rate is 9% and Earnings per share growth is 9.1% which shows very strong position of Tesco in international and national market. Literature Review:- In an organization corporate strategy is the base of all strategies. Corporate strategy expose and determines the purposes, objectives, goals and also produce, polices, plans and principal for achieving goals. It does also contribute to make the employees, stakeholder, communities and customers; usually corporate strategy applies to the entire organization. (Nicolai J. Foss) Corporate strategy is very useful to achieve the goals in a challenging environment to meet the stakeholder and market expectation, whereas corporate strategy involves making business level strategies like marketing strategies those strategies are very helpful to attract the customers. (Richard Whittington, Kevan Scholes) Marketing strategy is the most important strategy which organization makes from the corporate strategy to attract the customer. This strategy keeps the customer loyal and understands the behaviour of the customer, for an example a customer go to an electronic show room to buy some electronic things, and customer gets extra care and good service from the retailer then definitely the strategy of the retailer is to attract the customer. There is no doubt customer will come again and again and also to tell the other friends about that retailer. (TheTimes100.co.uk) The research shows that many organization like Parcel force, Cadburys, Argos, Tesco, Sainsburys, Marks and Spencer giving high level of customer satisfaction to attract the customers. These organizations attract the customer by using their corporate strategy to do market research. (TheTimes100.co.uk) The limits between corporate strategy and marketing strategy are unclear. The main purpose of corporate strategy is to attract and retain the customers. (Mintzberg, 1994) Marketing strategy management as well as corporate strategy are very important tool for an organization to attract the customers and keep the customer loyal against the competitors organization; both strategies take the organization into accounts externally and internally to provide extra care of the customers. (J. Rea, Harold Kerzner) Corporate strategy of any firm describes business according to the customer services. (Levitt, 1975) All over the world every size of organization use innovative corporate strategy to motivate the customers. (John Toschohl) The performance management externally and internally is very important to attract and retain the customers. Performance management sets the objective, responsibilities and goals for a manager. This gives permission to the organization team to do best for the satisfaction of the customer. Performance management takes very important key action like rewards, progress and training to improve the performance, such kinds of things are very essential to help, retain and attract the customer which is very beneficial for achieving the organization goals. The core purpose of performance management in an organization is to provide quality of customer service and satisfaction as well as manage the customer desire and give rewards. Its effectively attract the customers by managing the staff. The supervision of team and accountability may help to an organization to gain its objective and goals; with the help of this an organization may measure the entire performance, attainment can be rewarded and identified by using performance management. (Cook, S) Organization can maximize the attraction of customer and keep the customer loyal by using innovative customer services, (Danon) Corporate strategy for any organization plays very authentic role to attract and retain the customer without customer an organization cannot run the business in the market. Therefore companies innovate, provide good customer service and products guide and help the customer, provide different types of gifts and incentive these are the different strategies which company make to attract and keep the customer loyal. So that customers are the survival for any firm. (John A. Goodman) There are two focus of strategy which was integrated in to one focus. Many people are still debating that how two focus of strategy are different, differentiation strategy focus on different services and products which firm are offering to a small group of customers. Mostly this strategy adapts the small firms and new entrants. rather than large one. It provides products and services according to the small group of customer. (Philip A. Wickham) Marks and Spencer (MS) is a retailing company which is actually based in UK. MS conduct its business review to check its falling profit and trading environment. MS amended its corporate strategy to satisfy the customer as well as gain the competitive advantage. MS Corporate strategy:- To expand business internationally. To speed up for multi channel development. Changing the all operation execution as well as increasing the pace. MS again will refocus on brand communication MS is working and launched a new program to implement above strategies under the 2020 slogan. (Lan Dyson) MS has declared a plan to close its some unprofitable store for achieving its objective and goals. MS corporate strategy is describing that MS is expanding its business chain internationally to gain the customer satisfaction and keep the customer loyal. The move of MS in the international ramp is giving the tough time to its rivals in all kinds of product and service. MS is also looking formats for its food and non food products for expanding its business. (Ms-corporate-strategy/8601465.article) Sainsburys Corporate and Business Strategy:- Sainsburys is a well retail leading company in health and food. Sainsburys goals is attracting the customer by giving the quality of products at reason prices and their aim is to motivate the customer to eat good and reasonable healthy diet food by promoting the energetic lifestyle. Sainsburys does not compromise on quality, taste and services. The main objective of Sainsburys is to make the healthy and low fat food to keep the customer loyal. Sainsburys purpose includes providing best food for health which keeps their customer life style healthier. The main belief of Sainsburys while selling its products to their customer that customer have full and clear information about our products, quality and price. Sainsburys corporate and business strategy also includes that provide good customer services with its healthier food to retain and attract the customers. Tesco Corporate strategy:- Tesco is the third largest retail organization. The commitment of Tesco is to develop the shareholder values by via innovative customer focus strategy. To provide quality of products at lower price to customers. Customers are unique and we are leading to deliver the first class services to the customers. To keep the customer loyal we reward the customer by using club card. To provide the high range of products with the high quality. To expand business globally to compete the rivals. To provide the flexible and clean environment to customers. (Tescoplc.com) The main objective and elements of Tesco strategy is given below:- To become strong in food and non food. To get better in retailing services like Telecoms, Tescodirect.com, Tesco personal finance and Tesco.com To boost up the core UK business. We lay society/community at the spirit of what we do. Tesco wants to be a victorious international retailer. (Tescoplc.com/Plc) Chief executive of Tesco Terry Leahy said to Sunday Times that Tesco will be the largest online world grocery retailers as well as our aim to achieve the UK no.1 online business. (1999, Lorenz) Terry Leahy chief executive of Tesco stated that we are retaining and attracting customers by giving extra care, products and services to customers as compare to rivals, additional customer services and care is giving though time to Tesco rivals. Tesco is giving wide range of its products and services online according to the customer desire to attract the customers and keep the customer loyal. (Tescoplc2000) Research Methodology:- The research involves redefining and defining problems, creating hypothesis, collecting, suggesting, and organizing analysing the data reaching on conclusion, at the end list down the conclusion to decide whether creating hypothesis is fit. (Clifford Woddy) Research standardized the effort to get new knowledge. (Redman and Mary) Careful inquiry to find out some new facts and knowledge is called research. (Advance learner Dictionary of Current English) To determine and discover knowledge which is hidden at the heart of research. (Lee) The main purpose of the research is to determine and discover the answer of the question as well as try to find out the hidden truth which still have not been determine and discover. (Rajendar Kumar) The main purpose of while doing research is to find out relation between theory and practice. In particular whether the research is directed by the research (Inductive approach) or the research is directed by theory (deductive approach). Both approaches will provide very good understanding of my research. To the better understanding of topic the thesis will complete on the investigation of quantitative research as well as qualitative research. (Rowley) Data Collection Resource:- For my research we shall be gather secondary data form authentic articles, books, magazines, newspapers, news, and websites as well as published journals. The purpose of collection of secondary data is too explicit and very useful to use. The collection of secondary data may be very helpful and useful as this data is already collected. Definitely for my research we shall use primary data. This data we shall collect from interviews, surveys, managers and staff face to face meeting. Meetings and interviews will be conduct in the form of prearranged questionnaires. Conclusion:- The main objective of my research is to understand the logic behind the effectiveness of corporate strategy in an organization and how Tesco use this strategy to attract the customers as compare to its rivals like Marks and Spencer, ASDA, Morrisons and Sainsburys. The parameters which we considered are quality of products and services, innovations, time taken in processing the request, reputation and pricing.