Comparative Essay - Catcher in the Rye vs. Igby Goes Down

Comparative Essay The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger and Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers are both displayed as rites of passage texts. The respective protagonists of these two texts are Igby Slocumb and Holden Caulfield. These two characters are both on a journey motif, a journey of self discovery in which they both attempt to find meaning in life and understand societies values and attitudes. The two protagonists demonstrate non-conformity and rebel against the apparent hypocrisy present in their respective societies. Hypocrisy can be defined as the difference between illusion and reality, in accordance to society it can be seen as people who are not who they appear to be, people who apply a faà §ade. This hypocrisy is present in†¦show more content†¦The presence of this red hunting hat mirrors the central idea present in the text. Holdens need for alienation versus his need for companionship, which in a sense is a paradoxical statement, as in order to achieve acceptance through companio nship, isolation of ones self must be eliminated. Another key symbol in The Catcher In The Rye is the museum of natural history. Holden mentions how he loves the museum and subconsciously desires society to mirror the ideals of this museum. This is present through the quote The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobodyd move. . . . Nobodyd be different. The only thing that would be different would be you.. The responder, earlier in the novel, has already experienced that Holden cant deal with conflict, confusion, and change. The museum presents him with a vision of life he can understand, a life that is frozen, silent, and always the same. The museum is perceived as Holdens safe haven from hypocrisy and criticism. What is witnessed in the museum is factual and does not illude reality; Holden enjoys visiting the museum because it is in no way deceiving reality. The parallel to this in Igby Goes Down is how the lighting and wardrob e identify Igby to the audience. The use of the scarf always worn around Igbys neck is the equivalent to Holdens red hunting hat, both

Video Game Violence Virtual Violence - 1512 Words

Video Game Violence: Virtual violence v. Real-world violence Miguel Rodriguez Holguin Southern New Hampshire University The video game industry has grown to gigantic proportions; it’s a medium of entertainment that has great influence over the youth and adults globally. As with any media channel it is diverse in its content from childish themes to more mature topics. The industry’s success has been plagued by many critics and sociology experts all whom criticize the library of violent video games stating that its detrimental to the overall health of its user, especially the adolescents, and that exposure to violent video games lead to real-life violence. Studies by various psychiatrists have been conducted in order to find the correlation between violent video games and real-life acts of violence and the majorities of the studies were inconclusive and are often inconsistent in their findings. According to N, Carnagey. , C, Anderson B, Bushman (2007) â€Å"A study conducted by US Surgeon General on whether violent video games desensitizes people to rea l-life violence†(Para. 5). Unfortunately there has not been any published research on the topic however; many studies suggest that repeated exposure to violence in video games desensitize the individual to real violence but all the studies fail to provide solid proof. This matter is understandable, continuous exposure to violence in any type of media should have the same effect more or less not just video games.Show MoreRelatedThe Real-World Effects of Virtual Violence: Perspectives on Video Games and Mass Media1507 Words   |  7 Pagesof the fact that video games are becoming more realistic and violent, nor that they are becoming much more beautiful and engaging in the way they look. What many people doubt, though, is whether they have a profound effect on a person’s character or not. Aggression as a result of video games seems to be a nebulous issue among much of the public. The research is there, but it is fragmented and covers many different issues that could ( and are) problematic as far as video games go. This paper willRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Increased Violence Essay1855 Words   |  8 Pagesobjective of video games is to entertain people by surprising them with new experiences.† (Shigeru Miyamoto) Shigeru Miyamoto is the creator of some of gaming’s most iconic video game characters, Mario Jumpman Mario, Link and Donkey Kong; while also, serving as co-Representative Director of the game company, Nintendo and is highly respected. Miyamoto, based on the quote provided, feels that video games are meant to entertain people and nothing more. However, many people feel as though video games only causeRead MoreDo Violent Video Games Have Negative Effects On Humanity1763 Words   |  8 PagesVideo games have always been a popular source of entertainment for people of all ages that are available on many electronic devices and offer various genres. Video games were first introduced in the 1970s with simple graphic that contains only black and white images together with minimal sounds. Later on, video games have developed and come at age which are violent video games, and researchers started to find out whether there were any connection between violent video games and real-life antisocialRead MoreVideo Games: A Contemporary Scapegoat2374 Words   |  10 Pagesthe, most popular fighting game franchises ever created. At its conception in 1992, it was hit with a hard wall of controversy for its heavy use of gore and the general fear it would influence children to reenact these so-called â€Å"fatalities† in real life. Ever since the 1970s, man was finally able to interact with the screen, creating a universe written in ones and zeros. However, does the screen speak back to us, and cause effects outside of the console? Though video games have widely been blamed byRead MoreNegative Effects Of Violent Video Games712 Words   |  3 Pagespeople are debating whether or not Violent Video Games cause kids to be aggressive and violent. While others, like myself agree violent video games aren’t the problem of violence, real-life violence is. And therefore, you should to why, because Violent Video games allow kids especially boys to let out anger and relax themselves from emotions. It also helps entertain kids. And creates less real-world aggression. Kids already know the difference between virtual and reality by age seven, and by that ageRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children1519 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games in the 21st century have transformed from friendly competing into guns, explosions, and major violence. Video games are getting away with more violence every year and the games are becoming more extreme. The consistence and severity of violence is at an all-time high leading the most popular games in the gaming community to have a ‘mature’ rating due to the considerable amount of violence involved. For example, one of the highest selling video games of all time grossing one billion itsRea d MoreViolent Games And Violent Video Games1122 Words   |  5 PagesAs video game images become increasingly more realistic and graphic. Therefore, is there any link between the violence depicted in those games and violence in real life? Students are the main group people who played violent video games very often. Also, losing a game causes many people to have a negative impact. Last, the attitudes on violent game and antisocial. Games are everywhere around us, such as cellphones, televisions, or computers, but violent games are the most popular type of game. TheRead MoreThe Effects of Violent Video Games on the Young1575 Words   |  6 Pageslike the bad reputation rock and roll music received in the 1950’s, violent video games have been questioned and looked down upon as a newer form of influential media. Violent video games have been blamed for bullying, school shootings, increasing rape, and increasing the amount of women being abused. Despite the popular belief that video games can be very harmful to a child’s mind and cause violent behavior, video games don’t cause as much psychological damage to children as people have been tryingRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Gender Socialization And Aggressive Behavior By Tracy L. Dietz1534 Words   |  7 PagesOver time video games have drastically changed its contents and through the use of media it has become very popular among the people of all ages. The article, â€Å"An Examination of Violence and Gender Role Portrayals in Video Games: Implications for Gender Socialization and Aggressive Behavior† by Tracy L. Dietz portrays the impact of video-games in gender roles in our society. Through the usage of samples in the experiment shows that the video games tend to have more male characters rather than femaleRead MoreCriminal Psychology660 Words   |  3 PagesArgumentative Essay: â€Å"Violent video games directly correlate to violence in schools† Do violence video games actually affect children? What is the correlation between virtual games and violence at school? Most of the nowadays teenage activities and spending free-time resolves around technology. Not all the games are violent, but they all becoming more realistic. Some of the games are designed to learn something, some games develop abilities of fast reading, fast typing, driving a car

Formal and Informal Communication - 2242 Words

FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION Theoretical review 1. What is communication? a. Verbal communication b. Non-verbal communication c. Interpersonal communication d. Organizational communication 2. Types of organizational communication:- a. Formal b. Informal 3. Types of formal communication 4. Types of informal communication 5. Advantages and disadvantages of formal communication 6. Advantages and disadvantages of informal communication 7. Conclusion What is communication? Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange information, news, ideas and feelings but also†¦show more content†¦Communication can be further divided in to two that is interpersonal communication and organizational communication. Interpersonal communication is the process by which people exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages: it is face-to-face communication. Interpersonal communication is not just about what is actually said, the language used but how it is said and the non-verbal messages sent through tone of voice, facial expressions, gestures and body language. Organizational communication is the communication that happens within organizations. That is, all the communication activity you’ll see if you go to any organization today: sending emails, writing memos, talking on the phone, having meetings, teleconferencing, video conferencing, speeches, presentat ions, and so on. Types of organizational communication Organizational communication can be divided into two that is: 1. Formal communication 2. Informal communication Formal communication occurs when a person in the organization communicates using formal channels of the organization structure along the lines of authority established by the management. Matters under this communication are official and to the point. Things are done using pacific procedures and rules which must be followed. For example in a company if the board of director’s wants toShow MoreRelatedFormal and Informal Communication in an Organization1343 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 3 A) Briefly explain the formal communication channels and spontaneous communication channels? * Communication channels Messages are transmitted through channels of communication channels as discussed. * Formal communication channels, follows the chain of command and is recognized as official. One way to view formal communication within organizations. * Vertical communication is the flow of information both up and down the chain of command. It involves an exchange ofRead MoreDifference between formal and informal communication2611 Words   |  11 PagesThis research compares formal and informal organizational communication structures, specifically focusir^ on salience, channel factors, and channel usage. The major hypotheses of this research were partially supported with data collected from a large, technically oriented governmental agency (n = 380). Differences Between Fbrmal and Informal Conuniinication Channels J. David Johnson William A. Donohue Charles K. Atkin Mtchtgan State Untverslty Sally Johnson Lansing Community College Read MoreFormal And Informal Modes Of Organizational Communication Essay1792 Words   |  8 PagesASIGNMENT Part 1 Q1 Theoretical underpinnings of formal and informal modes of organizational communication (LO 1 †¢ Outline the basic concept of Formal and informal modes of organizational communication.(14 marks) FORMAL COMMUNICATION:- A sort of verbal presentation or record proposed to impart data and which complies with secure proficient rulsandared and process and abstain from utilizing slang phrasing. The principle kind of formal correspondence inside a business are1.Downward where data movesRead MoreFormal And Informal Modes Of Organizational Communication Essay1919 Words   |  8 Pages ASSIGNMENT-1 Q1) Theoretical underpinnings of formal and informal modes of organizational communication. a) Formal and informal modes of communication are explained below Formal modes of organizational communication are of four types they are: 1) Upward 2) Downward 3) Horizontal 4) Diagonal 1) Upward Communication: Upward communication is the process of flowing information from lower levels to higher levels in an organization. ItRead MoreWhat Is Important About Literacy?967 Words   |  4 Pageson a different form. It is no longer just writing formal in letters and communicating over the telephone from a call. In this day and age literacy must be formal and informal. The cell phone is arguably the biggest factor in this change. Texting has made sending messages as easy as pressing a button. People no longer try to be proper due to how quick they can exchange messages. Even the business world is changing from the more formal communication to a more rapid quick and fast paced work. ManagersRead MoreFormal Communication1208 Words   |  5 PagesFormal Communication Formal communication can be considered as communication efforts that are â€Å"dressed up† to fit customary rules and ceremony For example, in a written letter, the formal communication style will demand that the layout of the piece of written communication follow a specific format that includes the date, header, salutation, body of the letter, close, signature lines and any indicators of enclosures all placed neatly upon company letterhead or personal stationery. By contrast, anRead MoreText For Thought : Employee Communications1701 Words   |  7 PagesEMPLOYEE COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 – INTRODUCTION †¢ Changes in Communication Policy SECTION 2 – HOW TO DETERMINE YOUR AUDIENCE †¢ How to Assess an Audience SECTION 3 - FORMAL INFORMAL COMMUNICATION †¢ Basic Guidelines SECTION 4 – WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS (Internal External) †¢ Email Guidelines SECTION 5 – TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE LISTENING AND FEEDBACK †¢ Explanation of listening and feedback process SECTION 6 – INTERPRETING NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION †¢ ExplanationRead MoreCommunication Channels1103 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication channels A large number of cases point out that using communication channels properly would greatly improve the organization in some aspects. Without understanding communication channels, on the opposite, would have bad effects on the organization. It is not exaggerate to say that communication channels play a significant role in management and good managers will never miss them. In this essay, I will generally talk about three different communication channels which are formal channelRead MoreCommunication Is The Most Important Aspect Of Being A Leader / Manager822 Words   |  4 Pagesleaders/managers is communication, yet it is the most important aspect of being a leader/manager. Communication builds trust and trust is a powerful force that builds loyalty, increases credibility and supports effective communications. It gives you the benefit of the doubt in situations where you want to be heard, understood and believed. For instance, developing a new policy or changing a current policy, com munication is vital for all physicians and employees to know, apply, educate, and inforce. Formal and informalRead MoreEssay on Communication1632 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication In organisation the employees communicate in different ways, every single day. They have talk in meetings, have group discussions and negotiate over the telephone, they write memos, emails, draft letters, reports, and sending faxes in emergencies. The organisation gives out the advertisement in TV, posters, in store advert and many more count as communication, Communication is most important base for develop the business, the communication with other department give the

How are Concussions Effecting Football in High School Essay

Introduction Concussions, a minor traumatic brain injury that may occur when the head hits an object, are a huge problem in football in high schools and lower levels today. Concussions are very common in football, concussions have a huge negative effect on the brain, and parents and schools are worried about their kids safety. Concussion, in football, are a rising problem especially since the NFL is being sued for hundreds of millions because of concussions. High School football is very violent on children and thats why it is losing some participants. Why are Concussions Common A concussion is caused by a bump or blow to the head or by a jolt to the body that causes the head to move more rapidly back and forth (Kohn, 2010).†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"According to McCrea’s studies (2004) this chart shows how violent high school football is compared to other sports† This data shows that over half of the concussions sustained in high school occur in football out of nine major sports. This chart shows how violent of a sport football is. Which is why concussions are so common in football. Effects of a Concussion Concussions have huge negative effects on the brain. Repeated trauma alters the structure and function of the brain. Researchers have used MRIs to demonstrate that maltreated children have smaller head size and brain volume compared to children with no history of maltreatment (De bellis. Keshavan, Clark, Case, Giedd, Boring et al.,1999; Mulvihill, 2005). Smaller brain sizes may be responsible for lower intelligence or cognitive ability, less impulse or emotional control, motor development delays, diagnosis or mental and psychological disorders and poor socio-emotional and or psychological function (De Bellis; Glaser, 2000). Some the the symptoms that occur after a concussion are according to (Aubry, 2002, pp.6-18) unaware of period, opposition, score of game, confusion, amnesia, loss of consciousness, unaware of time, date, place, headache, dizziness, nausea, unsteadiness/loss of balance, Feeling â€Å"dinged† or stunned or â€Å"dazed†, â€Å"Having my bell rung†, Seeing stars or ï ¬â€šashing lights, ringing in the ears, and/or double vision. After a possible concussion any one or

The Civil War Has Changed The Country - 987 Words

The history of America, as a nation is connected through the wars it has entered and how these wars have irreversibly changed the country. â€Å"The Civil War made modern America†¦ [and] we remain connected to this war† (Suri, Lecture 1). This is because the Civil War was an establishment of our nation’s beliefs and freedoms; fought to preserve the Union, this war shaped what America was and would become. The Civil War changed the notion of what liberty was, the transition from negative freedom to positive freedom is an influential aspect of American idealism. The ideal of liberty that emerged from the Civil War, was that the liberty came from the power of freedom (McPherson, 1991). Future wars were fought on the notion of protecting and expanding American interpretation of freedom; and each of these wars brought about change that would otherwise not have transpired. These wars came in three waves: the building of American presence, making the world safe for democr acy as well as fighting oppressive regimes, and exporting democracy. The War of 1898 established America as a major global player. Just prior to this war, Alfred Thayer Mahan’s ideals influence the notion that the United States could project power without occupying societies and this concept was put to the test during the Spanish-American War (Suri, Lecture 7). Cuba was a part of the Spanish empire and seeking to separate itself from it with the help of the United States; however America did not want to get involved.Show MoreRelatedWars And Changes During The United States Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesWars and Changes in The United States The United States of American is a superpower in the world. Although it just have almost 240 years’ history, it experienced more than 200 wars. As a saying does, â€Å" Bad times make a good man†, the United States never lack of great leaders. For example, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin Roosevelt were the three well-known presidents in the U.S. history. Additionally, wars and conflicts changed the United States directly and indirectly. ForRead MoreThe Civil War : The And Soul Of The United States Of America1749 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica. This country was run by the decisions of the individual states’ opinions. Then, the Civil War happened. This war was one of the most pivotal points in American history. The government tried to make a decision on its own without the consent of the country as a whole. This led to the destruction of the rights of the people. The destruction of the rights of the people gave the majority of the power to the federal government, who have abused it, repeatedly, ever since. America has gone throughRead MoreEssay on The American Civil War783 Words   |  4 Pages In the Civil War the North had many advantages over the South. The South was outnumbered, out supplied, and pushed into a corner using military tactics. Many things changed because of the Civil War. The military tactics used by the North changed how war was fought from then on. Many changes were made politically; some were only temporary, while others were permanent. After the war was over, the country was reunited and the image of the soul and duty of our country redefined. While both theRead MoreCenter Of Attention In The Lives Of Those People, Defining1528 Words   |  7 Pagesof the war. The Civil War will always hold a centrality in the meaning of this country. â€Å"Throughout the antebellum period and during the Civil War, the legacy of military service would provide a foundation for the civil rights struggle† (Civil Rights 248). This is just one of the struggles that the war affected. It changed the nation’s laws, people, and, most importantly, the nation’s government. Laws were warped to try and abolish slavery without the consent of a large portion of the country. RightsRead MorePost World War II: Effects and Changes in America1524 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction World War II brought several changes to the world and specifically America. It not only changed the world map but also set impact on the behaviours. WWII played a major role in building turning points during different periods. Before WWII, African Americans were not offered equal rights in the community. It was considered an impossible thing that African could ever do a white collar or even a blue collar job. However, soon after the WWII, there came a turning point in the lives of AfricanRead MoreThe Beginning Of The Civil War1289 Words   |  6 PagesAt the beginning of the Civil War the reasoning was nothing but clear. It can’t be ignored that the Civil War was in fact about slavery and that slavery was an issue â€Å"resolved† by the Civil War. Yes the war was initially about race and how the country â€Å"needed† to free slaves, David W. Blight states it, â€Å"The emancipationist vision, embodied in African Americans’ complex remembrance of their ow n freedom, their politics of radical Reconstruction, and in conceptions of the war as the reinvention of theRead MoreAmerican History : The Civil War1138 Words   |  5 PagesWar makes us what we are. It changes our lives and makes our past into the future. One of the most important events in American history was the Civil War (1861 to 1865). The Civil War changed thousands of lives and our nation. At the beginning the Civil War, it divided our country but at the end of the Civil War, it brought our country back together recreating the United States. â€Å"But the Civil War defined us as what we are and it opened us to being what we became, good and bad things. It was theRead MoreCivil Wars : The Most Common Form Of War1683 Words   |  7 Pagesit seems like war and violence are a widespread and common occurrence nowadays due to the media, in reality, we currently live in one of the most peaceful times in history. The prevalence of war is decreasing, especially between different countries. Even though the prevalence of wars is decreasing, civil wars are the most common form of war nowadays and surpasses the other types of war in the world. Over the course of time, civil wars have changed in a variety of ways. Not only has the means in whichRead MoreJackie Robison vs Ali Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesRobinson. Both of these men were professional athletes, two different sports, baseball and boxing, were changed forever because of these men. They both broke segregation barriers not only in their profession but also outside the field and ring. Both these men had some similarities but overall had more differences whether it was their profession, who they were influenced by, or their involvement with war. Jackie Robinson was the first African-American to play on a professional baseball team, MuhammadRead MoreNursing Now And The Civil War1516 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Civil War Where do you think the nursing profession came from? There were so many important voices and changes since the Civil War that had a major influence towards the nursing profession. Some things are the same but at the same time many things are different. For example, in the Civil War, if a soldier had a hurt leg or arm the doctors would just amputate it right away. Today doctors do many exams before they do something that serious. Since the Civil War, nursing has changed for the

Manage Quality Customer Service for Cameron Hotel- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManage Quality Customer Service for Cameron Hotel. Answer: Summary The entire issues is about the customer service quality management in a hotel where more importance is given to the corporate and business bookings done by some premium clients. The discussion is about the ignorance in service providing done by a Sales Manager which created serious consequences for the business and management of Cameron Hotel. Since the hotel business is dependent on clients and their needs, the service of the hotel should respond and cater to their expectations (Kasiriet et al. 2017). In this case there was an issue of ignorance towards the clients demands and needs which made the situation worse for the Sales Manager ending up in losing her job.Mr. Jones being a premium client of Cameron had some issues in services of the hotel which he was noticing from quite some time. When he addressed the issues of meeting rooms, food item requests and lack of attention towards room reservation requests he got a cold response from the sales manager who handled all the bookings and affairs of Mr. Jones.At first he did not protest against the kind of service he was getting, but to avoid any major lacuna in the services in future he contacted the sales manager to rectify the issue (Janahi and Almubarak 2017). The sales manager did not take this matter seriously and was ignorant towards her call to Mr. Jones which made him furious and cancel all his bookings. This shook the management of Cameron and as a result they fired the sales manager and a senior member of the hotel management took care of the matter himself. Service Failures Service Delivery Failure In the case of Cameron the service delivery was inadequate according to Mr. Jones. He had requested to arrange a meeting in the conference hall but the timings were not specified, hence it created confusion (Josiamet et al. 2017). There was also improper arrangement of food items and even the room listings were not done properly for other participants which was not acceptable for Mr. Jones. Customer Needs Requests Mr. Jones has requested for proper arrangement of the rooms and its listings for other participants who are going to attend the meeting. He has also given the list of food items which will be served in the meeting. Requests related to conference halls were also done by Mr. Jones for proper conduct of the business meet (Ng et al. 2017). Un-Solicited Employee Action Employees were ignorant about the kinds of services which were asked of them. The service delivery requests were not honored properly and no attention was given by the sales manager to notify Mr. Jones about the scheduled meeting. The sales manager was ignorant towards Mr. Jones the second time when she had a personal meeting in which she was absent. Problematic Customers Since Mr. Jones was an old and trusted customers there was no complaint from his side before and the service of Cameron was satisfying for him. But when he found some loopholes in the services he created a fuss about it and cancelled his bookings which was a threatening notion for the business of Cameron which ended up in the sales manager getting fired (Hamariet et al. 2017). Problem Mitigation Since the hospitality business is all about service delivery and the quality of services which are rendered to its clients, the best way to mitigate these types of problems was to provide the top notch and best in class services to Mr. Jones so that he was left with no scope to complaint. Any lacuna in the services of Cameron would have been overseen by a higher level and more authoritative staff than the Sales Manager so that Mr. Jones could feel that he is being valued and given importance (Collieret et al. 2017). When the first complaint came from Mr. Jones the management of Cameron should have fired the Sales Manager to maintain its reputation and integrity in front of its customers and would have shown the level of accountability which they possess towards their premium clients. The best way to manage such an issue is to identify the need and requirement of the customer and provide them exactly that and with brisk speed so that it can take their minds off the current issue (Voor heeset et al. 2017). The management of Cameron should have provided Mr. Jones with better facilities for the meetings and upgraded rooms and services for his participants which would have compensated for the inadequate service. The number of staff deployed in the service of Mr. Jones and his meetings would have been increased by Cameron to show their concern towards their customers which would have appealed to the heart of Mr. Jones who was an old and trusted client of Cameron (Ryu 2017). Evaluation of Seriousness The following incident which happened with Mr. Jones and the management of Cameron Hotel is a very serious one in context of the hospitality business. The entire industry of hospitality is based on customer satisfaction, their visitations, feedback and advertisement through the customers. This incident have proved to be a major failure in the quality of service and has identified a loophole in the service deliverance at the lower levels of hotel management. The loss could have been major in both tangible and intangible aspects of business (Carrasco et al. 2017). Almost all the business done by hotels depend upon these corporate meetings and room bookings which are done for the meetings. It brings a great deal of revenue to the hotel which is known to be the most substantial part of income for the hotel. Loss of such clients would have incurred a huge loss on the revenue part which is a tangible loss. The intangible loss for Cameron Hotel would have been the loss in reputation in the market due to the negative feedback of a premium client such as Mr. Jones (Boo 2017). The other participants who attended the meeting would also have given a negative feedback for Cameron among their colleagues and friends in the corporate world which could have degraded its popularity and accountability in the market. Due to these reasons Cameron hotel could have faced loss in their customer base which is not acceptable for any hotel in the hospitality business because the entire industry is based on the name and fame of the brand and its customers choice (Ryu 2017). Strategy Development Strategy for Customer Service Quality improvement comprises of: Staff Training: Employees of the hotels should be trained to handle clients of nature and status so that they can feel comfortable in visiting the place again. Staff should be trained to provide the best possible services to their respective clients. There should be separate training to handle corporate meetings, restaurants and other hospitality services (Collier et al. 2017). Performance Measurement: Every quarter or on a monthly basis the performance of staff should be measured so that they can be rated and further deployed in the training programs. For this purpose there should be a provision for getting feedbacks on the services provided to the clients and customers so that actual performance can be measured. Facilities: Clients and customers should be provided with top notch facilities in the hotels which can give them all the comforts and luxury which they desire. Since people spend a lot of money in the hotels so that they can experience services and facilities which they do not get at their homes (Voorhees et al. 2017). Roles and Responsibilities: Every staff of the hotel should know their roles and responsibilities for managing and servicing their clients. This will provide a better service environment as all the lower level staff will be in the guidance of the middle level staff and the customers will also feel that the management of the hotel is quite good. References Boo, H.V., 2017. Service Environment of Restaurants: Findings from the youth customers.Journal of ASIAN behavioural studies,2(2), pp.67-77. Carrasco, R.A., Snchez-Fernndez, J., Muoz-Leiva, F., Blasco, M.F. and Herrera-Viedma, E., 2017. Evaluation of the hotels e-services quality under the users experience.Soft Computing,21(4), pp.995-1011. Collier, J.E., Collier, J.E., Breazeale, M., Breazeale, M., White, A. and White, A., 2017. Giving back the self in self service: customer preferences in self-service failure recovery.Journal of Services Marketing. Hamari, J., Hanner, N. and Koivisto, J., 2017. Service quality explains why people use freemium services but not if they go premium: An empirical study in free-to-play games.International Journal of Information Management,37(1), pp.1449-1459. Janahi, M.A. and Almubarak, M., 2017. The impact of customer service quality on customer satisfaction in Islamic banking.Journal of Islamic Marketing, (just-accepted), pp.00-00. Josiam, B.M., Malave, R., Foster, C. and Baldwin, W., 2017. Assessing Quality Of Food, Service And Customer Experience At A Restaurant: The Case Of A Student-Run Restaurant In The Usa.Hospitality Marketing and Consumer Behavior: Creating Memorable Experiences. Kasiri, L.A., Cheng, K.T.G., Sambasivan, M. and Sidin, S.M., 2017. Integration of standardization and customization: Impact on service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,35, pp.91-97. Ng, S., David, M.T. and Dagger, T.S., 2017. Examining Customer Perceptions of Relationship Quality Over Time. InThe Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World(pp. 304-304). Springer, Cham. Ryu, K. and Lee, J.S., 2017. Examination of restaurant quality, relationship benefits, and customer reciprocity from the perspective of relationship marketing investments.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,41(1), pp.66-92. Voorhees, C.M., Fombelle, P.W., Gregoire, Y., Bone, S., Gustafsson, A., Sousa, R. and Walkowiak, T., 2017. Service encounters, experiences and the customer journey: Defining the field and a call to expand our lens.Journal of Business Research.

Sociology Research Paper free essay sample

How and Does Immigration Affect the American Economy? A Review of the Literature Joshua Kashani, Ahmad Khalil, JD Lindayag, Francis Ignacio Sociology 4 Professor Hoshiar October 3, 2012 Immigration and the Economy ii Immigration and the Economy ii Does Immigration Affect the U. S Economy? A Review of the Literature In this day of age, many Americans are having a hard time looking for jobs due to the economy. The area of concern that we are researching is the effects of immigration on U. S. job employment rates and whether it’s heavily affecting US citizens or not. There are four conflicts which we decided to cover, which are, wages, education, race, and also supply and demand for U. S. workers (Peri, 2010; Anrig, 2004; Camarota, 2010; amp; Smite, 1997). The reason why we decided to research this topic is to provide information on how immigration either a positive or negative effect to the employment rates here in America. With that said, our hypothesis is that immigration will have a negative effect on American workers due to the fact that they will have more competition to the mass immigration over the past decade. The rest of this literature review will be split up into four sections, discussing the four conflicts we have chosen followed by a conclusion. 1 Does the education level depict who is affected more severely by immigration? 2 Does immigration impact wages? 3 Does immigration increase supply of labor create a demand for less American workers? Are different races (location) affected differently by immigration? Effects on Wages Illegal immigration has a dramatic effect on wages in the lower class area of the American economy in many different ways (Caramota, 2005). One way that immigrants affect wages is by working for less money once they arrive to the country (Caramota, 2005). Most of the time the level of education of immigrants is much lower than the level of education of native United Sta tes citizens (Caramota, 2005). This means that if Immigration and the Economy iii Immigration and the Economy iii n immigrant and a native were both working in the same career, the illegal immigrant would tend to earn less money than educated natives, â€Å"in other words immigrants are poorer than natives, but they generally earn wages that commensurate with their skills, which as a group tends to be much lower than natives†(Caramota, 2005, para. 3). Since illegals are willing to work for less money, business owners would rather hire an illegal than a native because they can save a lot of money for the business by doing so (Caramota, 2005). Because the United States has a minimum wage requirement in each state, legal citizens are not able to compete with illegal immigrants by accepting lower wages (Caramota, 2005). Also, since there is a salary tax that every U. S citizen has to pay to the government, natives would be doomed financially if they were taxed on earning wages under the minimum wage requirement (Caramota, 2005). Many employers view immigrants as better employees and it is very common that small businessmen and women will disclose that they favor Hispanic and Asian immigrants over native workers (Caramota, 2005). There are natives who aren’t earning wages since business owners favor hiring immigrants (Caramota, 2005). Consequently, the threat of further immigration will continue to put a downward pressure on wages (Caramota, 2005). Subsequently, immigrants are eager to work for less money and that is always going to keep the wages down in the lower end of the labor market (Caramota, 2005). Even though immigrants bring down wages for those less skilled jobs, â€Å"these wages do not vanish into thin air (Caramota, 2005). Employers now have more money either to pay higher wages to more educated workers or to retain as higher profits†(Caramota, 2005, para. ). The money is being distributed differently due to immigration (Caramota, 2005). The money that is supposed to be spent towards helping the poor is going to the rich (Caramota, 2005). The total earnings of natives without a highs school degree are roughly thirteen-billion dollars lower due to immigration and the total earnings of those with a high school degree are roughly nineteen billions dollars higher, which is a total gain of six billion dollars (Caramota, 2005). Most of the money that the natives without a high school degree lose is in occupations where they have the largest immigration arrival (Caramota, 2004). This also means that these areas are where there is the highest unemployment rates occur in the native job market. There is also a direct correlation with the unemployment of natives and the employment of immigrants (Caramota, 2004). From 2000 to 2004,† the number of unemployed adult natives increased by 2. 3 million, while the number of employed adult immigrants increased by 2. 3 million†(Caramota, 2004, para. 2). There is clear empirical evidence that immigrants are stealing wages from natives based on this study (Caramota, 2004). Immigration and the Economy iv Immigration and the Economy iv Education Issues Immigration is seen by many American citizens as a plague to the American economy. They feel that these immigrants are taking jobs away from American citizens, which can help Americans with the now struggling economy. Although many people feel that immigrants affect all workers, it doesnt. Immigrants mostly focus on and take the unskilled labor jobs that are often neglected by American citizens, at least only the highly skilled and educated American citizens. This leaves only the unskilled and uneducated American citizens to be effected, although the effect is minuscule and shows little harm to the unskilled and uneducated population either. From the studies of Pia M. Orrenius and Madeline Zavondny, researchers at the Federal Reserve Banks of Dallas and Atlanta, annual wages of low skilled and uneducated workers are seen to be slightly effected by immigration workers (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004). The wages are seen to be about 2. 4 percent below what they used to be before immigration workers came into place (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004). Service related workers and workers with professions have seen to have little to no influence on their wages due to immigration, It may even help and have a positive effect in this case (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004). Immigration and the Economy v Immigration and the Economy v But on the other side of the argument, an outspoken supporter of stronger immigration restrictions, George Borjas, a Harvard Economist, states that he has found many more notable and relative negative effects on the earning of unskilled American citizens. †¦ Between 1980 and 2000, when immigration increased the labor supply of working men by 11 percent in the United States, that influx reduced the average annual age of native workers by around 3. 2%. (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004) The drop in the wage of the American citizens really differentiated based on the education of the workers. Highschool dropouts, college graduates, high school graduates, and people with little college education all sa w a difference in drop (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004). Highschool dropouts had a drop of 8. 9% in wages, college graduates had a drop of 4. 9%, high school graduates had a drop of 2. %, and the change for people with some college was very minima (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004)l. At the end of the day most economists can come to the conclusion that immigration had dropped wages of American citizens with little or no education or skill, but for the rest of the American workers the impact shows very minimal to no effect at all (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004). Immigration and the Economy vi Immigration and the Economy vi Although immigrants do reduce wages for the less educated and unskilled the wages do not just disappear, but rather they get passed down by employers (Steven A. Camarota, 2005). Employers now use that money saved by cheap labor to give increased wages to the more educated and/or to keep in more profit (Steven A. Camarota, 2005). The National Research Council, in a 1997 study entitled The New Americans, estimated that immigration reduced the wages of workers with less that a high school degree by about 5 percent. These workers roughly correspond to the poorest 10 percent of the workforce. (Steven A. Camarota, 2005) Although it decreases wages for 10 percent of the workforce it causes gains for 90 percent of the other workers (Steven A. Camarota, 2005). Although, the impact is still very small on the educated workers due to the fact that because the workers at the end of the labor market make such low wages it only increases everyone elses wages very minimally (Steven A. Camarota, 2005). Increased Supply of Immigrant Workers When it comes to immigration, the myth is that immigrants are taking American Jobs because they are more willing to take lower wages and more work hours compared to Americans. This leads to less jobs going to Americans and more jobs going to the new immigrants looking for any job they can get. Yes it is good for business but the downside is that original US citizens get the lower end of the stick and have to deal with being out of work because immigrants are willing to â€Å"work for less† (Camarota, 2009) . But since they need to make money they are going after same jobs American natives which are â€Å"often thought to be majority immigrant are in fact majority native† (Camarota, 2009). A Immigration and the Economy vii Immigration and the Economy vii study showed that, â€Å"Between March of 2000 and 2004, the number of unemployed adult natives increased by 2. 3 million, while the number of employed adult immigrants increased by 2. million† (Camarota, 2004). That means all the unemployed adult natives is equal to amount of immigrants getting jobs and it was also found that half of those immigrants were from illegal immigration. With illegal immigration, these people are able to live in the U. S. under the radar and look for jobs which most people ha te doing. This might not seem as a problem but these hinder American businesses from growing because most of these jobs include house construction and gardening and these immigrants are willing to work for a cheap wage so it will be harder for an American business that does the same services to compete. Another statistic was that â€Å"the 900,000 net increase in jobs between March 2003 and 2004, two-thirds went to immigrant workers† (Camarota, 2004). While it may not seem like a big difference, two thirds being immigrants shows the competition Americans now have for even the most simplest jobs These declines in native jobs were more seen in states where there was a higher increase in immigrations and of these states it included â€Å"Los Angeles, Washington, D. C. , Dallas, Houston, New York, and Seattle† (Camarota, 2004). These locations are usually where immigrants go to because they are close to countries such as Mexico or even overseas such as England and other European countries. It was shown, â€Å"Between 2000 and 2004, the number of natives not working increased by nearly four million, from 30. 8 million to 34. 8 million† (Camarota, 2004). With that statistic, it shows that with the increase in immigration more Americans are losing their jobs. With the decrease of American natives losing jobs, it also affects the American teen’s chances for getting jobs. Most teens look for jobs in retail or a department store such as a Wal-Mart. Studies show that â€Å"immigrants and teenagers often do the same kind of work† (Camarota, 2010) which means American teens have a harder chance of landing a job because immigrants are going for the same jobs. If you take a look these days, there are not that many teens working in these retail stores and these jobs are going towards older people, which mainly are immigrants. Knowing that fact that teens aren’t seen working as much, the statistic of â€Å"the number of U. S. -born teenagers not in the labor force increased from 4. million in 1994 to 8. 1 million in 2007. In the summer of 2009 it stood at 8. 8 million† (Camarota, 2010). The teen unemployment is â€Å"similar for U. S. -born teenagers from both high- and low-income households† which shows that immigration has a significant effect on all American Native teens and not just certain households. While many teens are stil l going to school and are starting college, â€Å"the fall-off in employment is similar for those in school and those who are not† (Camarota, 2010) so being in school or not doesn’t affect their chances of getting jobs. Even though this is good for immigrants it’s heavily impacting teens that are looking for jobs to make some money for themselves or maybe for even school. Over the past decade it was seen that â€Å"in occupations where teenage employment declined the most, immigrants made significant job gains† (Camarota, 2010). This shows that immigration has a heavy impact on the employment rates of Americans especially on American teenagers because they are both going for the same jobs. Immigration and the Economy viii Immigration and the Economy viii Immigration and Race Effects on Employment Ethnicity plays a big factor in wages and employment in the United States. Many jobs have been affected with immigration being a big problem in America. Even though Immigration and the Economy ix Immigration and the Economy ix it is a big problem, some jobs have not been affected with immigration. Middle level jobs and low level jobs are taking the hit for wages and employment with different ethnicities trying to be hired. â€Å"For service-related and professional workers, immigration has had little impact on wages. If anything, increases in the number of newly arriving immigrants actually have slightly positive effects† (Anvig, 2004). Other jobs such as manual laborers have no change on wages since it has no effect on ethnicity. â€Å"Your level of education has more of an effect on your salary than your race, gender, ethnicity, citizenship, English-speaking ability or location† (Gordon, 2011). The type of degree an individual has plays big factor on your employment and wages. For example, the higher degree the person has, the higher change of getting a big pay in the job that he or she is occupying. Ethnicity and sex also play a part in employment and wages but overall the type of degree a person has is what makes a difference. â€Å"Women in the most economically advantaged race groups, white and Asian, earn less than men in the most economically disadvantaged race and ethnic groups, black and Hispanic. † (Gordon 2011) Even though race plays a factor, a person’s sex is also a big factor on employment and wages. For example, White males and Asian males get the most on employment with $5 million when they have high-level education degrees. After White and Asian males, Asian women with a professional degree and White males with a Ph. D receive about $3. 7 million dollars. A black man with a professional degree earns a few more than an average white man with a master’s degree of about $3. 5 million dollars. â€Å"A white woman and a Hispanic man with professional degrees earn a little less than him ($3. 2 million and $3. 1 million, respectively)† (Gordon, 2011). Hispanic women and black women are at the bottom of the list for employment and wages. A white man’s bachelor’s degree is equivalent to a black woman’s professional degree of $2. million dollars. Followed by a Hispanic woman with a professional degree who acquires about 2. 3 million dollars which is the equivalent of a white male who has a degree from a community college. Although education is makes a difference, many immigrants such as Hispanics, Asians, Indians, and any other race take over low level jobs that don’t a d egree or high level educations. Many follow a certain path they were raised as a child into adulthood from their culture or family background. Certain ethnicities have a stereotype of occupy certain jobs in the United States. For example, Hispanics occupy maid service or lawn mowing. Asians take over donut shops, nail salons, and dry cleaners. While Middle Easterns occupy gas stations and do taxi driving. Overall, ethnicity and sex play a big factor in employment and wages. Not everyone gets the same treatment from different companies and jobs. Each job can vary on employment for different ethnicities; location also plays a big factor for employment. For example, a person in a Hispanic/Asian/White/Black and that is bilingual has a higher chance of being hired. This is because it is very easy to communicate with a specific race and help with the company and opportunities. Immigration and the Economy x Immigration and the Economy x Companies hire certain individuals to help create business and opportunities for others. Due to this, certain ethnicities may be able to get a high pay than other races since a business may be dominated by an ethnicity. Despite education being the main factor on employment and wages for a business or company, ethnicity also plays a factor as well. A company wants to send a message and have a good representation with their employment. But at the same time, they must hire different races to not be racist to the community. Education, Sex, and ethnicity all play a role in employment and wages. It’s like a triangle, it all works together you need the other two if you try to specifically stick to one of the components. In today’s world, white males are the leaders in employment and wages due to their high education and personal preferences of companies. Even though it’s racist, it’s a common thing that’s happening all the time in America. Unlike other countries they have a dominated race and it will be vice versa where white males will be icked less due to the unavailability of speaking two languages. Immigration and the Economy xi Immigration and the Economy xi Summary There are many aspects of U. S employment that immigration affects. One of these aspects is that the increase of immigration less Americans are able to find jobs. Immigrants are taking jobs from the uneducated or lower class workforce, which would consist of college students and late teenagers. Another factor of immigration’s effect on employment would be race and sex of the immigrants coming into the United States. For example, a Hispanic woman from Mexico would more likely be working as a maid or a cleaning lady because of their Hispanic heritage the women in the household are always cleaning, therefore they are more fit for this job than native citizens. Education is another element that is affected by immigration. Uneducated workers wages have gone down because of immigration in the last decade. Education is an important factor in immigration because it creates a clear barrier between the natives and the immigrants. Finally, wages are ultimately affected by immigration greatly. In the lower area of the job market, which comprise of the poor, uneducated, or college students, the wages have decreased within the last couple of years. Since immigrants are willing to work for lower wages, many business owners are more eager to hire illegal immigrants over native college students or struggling citizens. Ultimately U. S employment has been critically impacted due to immigration. Immigration and the Economy xii Immigration and the Economy xii References Camarota, S. 2005, November 16). The Impact of Immigration on the American Workforce. Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved September 18, 2012, from http://www. cis. org/node/553 Camarota, S. (2004, October). A Jobless Recovery? Immigrant Gains and Native Losses. Center For Immigration Studies. Retrieved September 18, 2012, from http://www. cis. org/articles/2004/back1104. html Greg Anrig (28, September 2004). Immigration, Jobs, and the American Econ omy. [ONLINE] Available at: http://tcf. org/publications/2004/9/pb491. [Last Accessed 19, September 2012]. Giovanni Peri (10, August 2010). The Effect of Immigrants on U. S. Employment and Productivity. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. frbsf. org/publications/economics/letter/2010/el2010-26. html. [Last Accessed19, Sep 2012]. Steven A. Camarota (November 2009). Immigration’s Impact on U. S. Workers. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. cis. org/node/1582. [Last Accessed 18 September 2012]. Steven A. Camarota, Karen Zeigler (May 2010). A Drought of Summer Jobs: Immigration and the Long-Term Decline in Employment Among U. S. -Born Teenagers. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. is. org/teen-unemployment. [Last Accessed 18 September 2012]. Greg Anvig, Tova Andrea Wang (2004). Immigration, Jobs and the American Economy. [ONLINE] Available at: http://tcf. org/publications/2004/9/pb491. [Last Accessed September 18, 2012]. Immigration and the Economy xiii Immigration and the Economy xiii Micheal Greenstone, Adam Looney (2012). What Immigration Means For U. S. Employment and Wages. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. brookings. edu/blogs/jobs/posts/2012/05/04-jobs-greenstone-looney. [Last Accessed September 19,2012].